Metal Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes Using Eco-Friendly Oxidants

Oxidation of alkenes is an important reaction in academia, industry and science as it is used to develop epoxides, carbonyls, allylic compounds, 1,2-diols, etc. Metal catalyzed oxidation of alkenes has aroused as a significant tool in modern organic synthesis. Several techniques are available; however some of them suffer from few shortcomings viz. high cost, toxic nature, harsh reaction condition, solid waste generation, etc. In view of these drawbacks, green oxidants i.e. O2, H2O2, TBHP, etc. have shown noteworthy prospects due to their nature, low cost, high atom economy and high sustainability in metal catalyzed reactions. This chapter highlights the metal catalyzed green oxidation of alkenes and shall provide new strategies for the functionalization and transformation of alkenes

Construction, characterization and antibacterial activity of pyrazolone, thiohydantoin and their derivatives

Heterocyclic organic compounds play pivotal roles in drug synthesis and continue to remain a fundamental area of research interest. The present study reports the synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activities of synthesized organic compounds containing pyrazolone and thiohydantoin moieties. Pyrazolone and thiohydantoin scaffolds have been constructed using well-defined methods and their derivatives have been synthesized Structural elucidation has been achieved via IR and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The synthesized compounds have been screened for antimicrobial activity at 50 μg/mL concentration, against three pathogenic micro-organisms, viz: E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa, using the agar diffusion cup plate method. Ciprofloxacin is used as control. Interestingly, all the compounds have exhibited antimicrobial activities. Compound 2b have shown the highest sensitivity against P. aeruginosa with ZOI of 13 mm. Compounds 1a and 2a have shown highest activity against K.pneumoniawith ZOI 11 mm each. Compound 2a has shown highest sensitivity against E. coli with ZOI of 8 mm. These findings indicate that the synthesized compounds are pure and possess therapeutic properties

Construction, characterization and antibacterial activity of pyrazolone, thiohydantoin and their derivatives

1323-1327Heterocyclic organic compounds play pivotal roles in drug synthesis and continue to remain a fundamental area of research interest. The present study reports the synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activities of synthesized organic compounds containing pyrazolone and thiohydantoin moieties. Pyrazolone and thiohydantoin scaffolds have been constructed using well-defined methods and their derivatives have been synthesized Structural elucidation has been achieved via IR and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The synthesized compounds have been screened for antimicrobial activity at 50 μg/mL concentration, against three pathogenic micro-organisms, viz: E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa, using the agar diffusion cup plate method. Ciprofloxacin is used as control. Interestingly, all the compounds have exhibited antimicrobial activities. Compound 2b have shown the highest sensitivity against P. aeruginosa with zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13 mm. Compounds 1a and 2a have shown highest activity against K.pneumonia with ZOI 11 mm each. Compound 2a has shown highest sensitivity against E. coli with ZOI of 8 mm. These findings indicate that the synthesized compounds are pure and possess therapeutic properties

Facile One Pot Synthesis of Acridinediones Using Caffeine Hydrogen Sulfate Catalyst and Their Antimicrobial Evaluation

A facile approach for the synthesis of bioactive acridinedione analogs using dimedone, aryl aldehydes, and ammonium acetate was developed using caffeine hydrogen sulfate catalyst in ethanol and water (2:1) solvent mixture at room temperature. The significant advantages of this procedure are efficient and simple method, ambient conditions, short reaction time (5–30 min), simple workup, easily recoverable catalyst, broad substrate scope and good yields (45–80%). Being water soluble, the catalyst was easily recovered by water and reused up to 4 runs. Moreover, the antimicrobial profile of synthesized derivatives was performed against different bacterial and fungal strains using broth microdilution method. Most of the synthesized derivatives exhibited significant activity against bacterial and fungal strains compared to standard. Compounds 4e (31.25 µg/mL and 31.25 µg/mL) and 4g (31.25 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL) were found the most active against E. coli. and S. aureus respectively with good MIC values. Compound 4f and 4j displayed the highest antifungal activity against A. niger with 31.25 µg/mL MIC value. </p

An observational, cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients in India (START -India)

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, observational, epidemiological, multi-center, study is enrolling T2DM patients of either gender aged 30 years or above. This study aimed to enroll a total of 3000 T2DM patients at 30 participating hospitals/clinics across India and the data from a planned interim analysis of 1500 patients are presented here. The primary endpoint of the study is to estimate proportion of T2DM patients with CKD (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 or albumin creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥30 mg/g or ≥3 mg/mmol or both). Routine treatment, as administered by the treating physician, was continued without any study specific intervention. Patients′ data pertaining to demographic characteristics, medical history, current medication and physical examination were recorded. The blood/plasma and urine samples, were collected for estimation of hemoglobin A1c, microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and routine urine analysis. ACR was calculated from urine creatinine and albumin while GFR was estimated by using a modification of diet in the renal disease equation. Results: Study recruited 1500 patients from 18 centers across India. The study population included 840 (56.05%) males. Mean age, body mass index and systolic blood pressure were 55.1 years, 27.4 kg/m 2 and 134.5 mmHg respectively. The mean duration of diabetes was 102.2 months. History of co-morbid diseases such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, microvascular complications and macrovascular complications was present in 657 (43.8%), 655 (43.7%), 268 (17.9%) and 104 (6.93%), respectively. This interim analysis revealed that about 46% of the T2DM patients had CKD (urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g and/or estimated GFR [eGFR] <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). The renal dysfunction as per eGFR criteria (<60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) was reported in about 23% while as per UACR criteria (≥30 mg/g) it was reported in about 35% patients. Conclusion: This interim analysis results suggests that over 40% of T2DM patients have CKD. Despite this high number of T2DM patients with CKD, eGFR analysis shows there are almost 80% of T2DM patients still have reasonably good renal function (eGFR above 60 ml/min), which ensures less restrictions in selecting oral anti-diabetic drugs. Full study results from Start-India study will provide detail insights into the occurrence of CKD in patients with T2DM in India