ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ТОНКИХ ПЛЕНОК ДИОКСИДА КРЕМНИЯ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ ПРЯМЫМ ОСАЖДЕНИЕМ ИЗ ИОННЫХ ПУЧКОВ

Influence of fractional pressure of monosilane and argon intermixture and substrate temperature on optical performances of thin-film coatings from the silicon dioxide, received by direct deposition from ion beams on substrates from a glass and silicon with use of the end Hall accelerator as a ion source is investigated. It is positioned, that the magnification of fractional pressure of monosilane and argon intermixture of results in to growth of deposition rate and a refractivity and decrease in an optical transmission of coatings. Rise in substrate temperature promoted improvement of optical performances of silicon dioxide layers that explains magnification of adatoms mobility and chemical interaction boost between silicon and oxygen.Исследовано влияние парциального давления смеси моносилана и аргона и температуры подложки на оптические характеристики тонкопленочных покрытий из диоксида кремния, полученных прямым осаждением из ионных пучков на подложках из стекла и кремния с использованием торцевого холловского ускорителя в качестве источника ионов. Установлено, что увеличение парциального давления смеси моносилана и аргона приводит к росту скорости нанесения и коэффициента преломления и снижению оптического пропускания покрытий. Повышение температуры подложки способствовало улучшению оптических характеристик слоев диоксида кремния, что объясняется увеличением подвижности адатомов и стимулированием химического взаимодействия между кремнием и кислородом

Экспериментальное обоснование эффективного режима воздействия инфракрасного излучения на организм человека при проведении инфракрасной терапии

The authors developed an infrared (IR) cabin with biotechnical feedback, which solves the problems of increasing the efficiency and safety of IR heating procedure. The target audience for the developed IR cabin includes two groups: 1) young people who embrace an active lifestyle (using the IR cabin for health purposes); 2) mature and elderly people, including those with cardiovascular diseases (using the IR cabin for therapeutic purposes). The research conducted determines the effective mode of infrared radiation exposure to a human body. To assess the effectiveness of exposure the authors propose a coefficient equal to the ratio of weight loss of the user to the maximum operating temperature in the infrared cabin at body level. It is established that a person experiences effective heating at the working temperature of air inside the IR cabin (at body level) in the range from 40 to 42 °C. This temperature regime already contributes to intense sweating, but does not yet lead to discomfort and undesirable load on the cardiovascular system. The beginning of the IR heating should be considered the moment when the IR cabin reaches the operating temperature of 40 °C. Based on the monitoring of indicators of the thermal conditions of the IR cabin, it is necessary to automatically maintain the temperature range from 40 to 42 °C during IR heating. Control of the user's physiological parameters during IR therapy and automatic correction of the power of IR radiators will make the IR heating procedure safe for users. The developed IR cabin can be used in health resort and healthcare institutions of the Republic of Belarus.Авторами разработана инфракрасная (ИК) кабина с биотехнической обратной связью, решающая задачи повышения эффективности и безопасности процедуры ИК прогревания. Целевая аудитория для разработанной ИК кабины включает два сегмента: 1) молодые люди, ведущие активный образ жизни (использование ИК кабины в целях оздоровления); 2) люди зрелого и пожилого возраста, в том числе люди с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями (использование ИК кабины с лечебной целью). Проведены исследования по определению эффективного режима воздействия ИК излучения на организм человека. Для оценки эффективности воздействия предложен коэффициент, равный отношению потери веса пользователя к максимальной рабочей температуре воздуха в ИК кабине на уровне тела человека. Установлено, что эффективное прогревание человека происходит при рабочих температурах воздуха внутри ИК кабины (на уровне тела человека) в интервале от 40 до 42 °С. Такой температурный режим уже способствует интенсивному потоотделению, но еще не приводит к дискомфортным ощущениям и нежелательной нагрузке на сердечно-сосудистую систему. Началом ИК прогревания следует считать момент выхода ИК кабины на рабочую температуру 40 °С. На основании мониторинга показателей теплового режима ИК кабины необходимо автоматически поддерживать внутри нее температурный режим от 40 до 42 °С во время периода ИК прогревания. Контроль состояния физиологических параметров пользователя при проведении ИК терапии и автоматическая корректировка мощности ИК излучателей позволят сделать процедуру ИК прогревания безопасной для пользователей. Разработанная ИК кабина может быть использована в санаторнокурортных организациях и учреждениях здравоохранения Республики Беларусь

Status of Biodiversity in the Baltic Sea

The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances. These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the area over the relatively recent history of the system. The Baltic Sea has only one known endemic species. While information on some abiotic parameters extends back as long as five centuries and first quantitative snapshot data on biota (on exploited fish populations) originate generally from the same time, international coordination of research began in the early twentieth century. Continuous, annual Baltic Sea-wide long-term datasets on several organism groups (plankton, benthos, fish) are generally available since the mid-1950s. Based on a variety of available data sources (published papers, reports, grey literature, unpublished data), the Baltic Sea, incl. Kattegat, hosts altogether at least 6,065 species, including at least 1,700 phytoplankton, 442 phytobenthos, at least 1,199 zooplankton, at least 569 meiozoobenthos, 1,476 macrozoobenthos, at least 380 vertebrate parasites, about 200 fish, 3 seal, and 83 bird species. In general, but not in all organism groups, high sub-regional total species richness is associated with elevated salinity. Although in comparison with fully marine areas the Baltic Sea supports fewer species, several facets of the system's diversity remain underexplored to this day, such as micro-organisms, foraminiferans, meiobenthos and parasites. In the future, climate change and its interactions with multiple anthropogenic forcings are likely to have major impacts on the Baltic biodiversity

Transitions in bacterial communities along the 2000 km salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea

Salinity is a major factor controlling the distribution of biota in aquatic systems, and most aquatic multicellular organisms are either adapted to life in saltwater or freshwater conditions. Consequently, the saltwater–freshwater mixing zones in coastal or estuarine areas are characterized by limited faunal and floral diversity. Although changes in diversity and decline in species richness in brackish waters is well documented in aquatic ecology, it is unknown to what extent this applies to bacterial communities. Here, we report a first detailed bacterial inventory from vertical profiles of 60 sampling stations distributed along the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea, one of world's largest brackish water environments, generated using 454 pyrosequencing of partial (400 bp) 16S rRNA genes. Within the salinity gradient, bacterial community composition altered at broad and finer-scale phylogenetic levels. Analogous to faunal communities within brackish conditions, we identified a bacterial brackish water community comprising a diverse combination of freshwater and marine groups, along with populations unique to this environment. As water residence times in the Baltic Sea exceed 3 years, the observed bacterial community cannot be the result of mixing of fresh water and saltwater, but our study represents the first detailed description of an autochthonous brackish microbiome. In contrast to the decline in the diversity of multicellular organisms, reduced bacterial diversity at brackish conditions could not be established. It is possible that the rapid adaptation rate of bacteria has enabled a variety of lineages to fill what for higher organisms remains a challenging and relatively unoccupied ecological niche

Artificial coastal lagoons at solar salt-working sites: A network of habitats for specialised, protected and alien biodiversity

There are concerns that novel structures might displace protected species, facilitate the spread of nonindigenous species, or modify native habitats. It is also predicted that ocean warming and the associated effects of climate change will significantly increase biodiversity loss within coastal regions. Resilience is to a large extent influenced by the magnitude of dispersal and level of connectivity within and between populations. Therefore it is important to investigate the distribution and ecological significance of novel and artificial habitats, the presence of protected and alien species and potential vectors of propagule dispersal. The legacy of solar salt-making in tropical and warm temperate regions is regionally extensive areas of artificial hypersaline ponds, canals and ditches. Yet the broad-scale contribution of salt-working to a network of benthic biodiversity has not been fully established. Artisanal, abandoned and historic salt-working sites were investigated along the Atlantic coast of Europe between southern England (50 N) and Andalucía, Spain (36 N). Natural lagoons are scarce along this macrotidal coast and are vulnerable to environmental change; however it is suspected that avian propagule dispersal is important in maintaining population connectivity. During bird migration periods, benthic cores were collected for infauna from 70 waterbodies across 21 salt-working sites in 5 coastal regions. Bird ringing data were used to investigate potential avian connectivity between locations. Lagoonal specialist species, some of international conservation importance, were recorded across all regions in the storage reservoirs and evaporation ponds of continental salinas, yet few non-indigenous species were observed. Potential avian propagule transport and connectivity within and between extant salt-working sites is high and these artificial habitats are likely to contribute significantly to a network of coastal lagoon biodiversity in Europ

Design of an all-terrain spherical jumping robot with high-dynamic motion

In this paper, we propose a design of a new spherical mobile robot with high-dynamic and all-terrain motion. The robot has two single-axis gyroscopes on a revolvable platform for this purpose. It incorporates a jumping mechanism, as well. The structural design of the robot is ready; the movement process on a plane is modelled with and without activated gyroscopes

LINEAR ELECTRIC ACTUATOR WITH A FLEXIBLE HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION

The technical capabilities of the transfer of mechanical energy between the different nodes are often limited. There are different mechanisms in which the working body is movable but the drive for constructional reasons must be stationary (e.g. hand devices, robotic joints, etc.). Alternative way to transfer of mechanical energy from the remote drive to the working body is the using of flexible shafts, cables, pneumatic and hydraulic machines, etc. This article describes a pilot version of an electrohydraulic linear drive with a flexible transmission