A model for the settling velocity of flocs; application to an aquaculture recirculation tank

Se generalizó un modelo para velocidad de caida de flocs para diferentes tipos de agregados ; de plantas de tratamiento, estuarios y acuacultura.A general model for fl ocs settling velocity is still an open fi eld of research in the scientific literature. In this work, a reduced model of an aquaculture recirculation tank was used to validate a model for floc settling velocity. Cohesive sediments from non-used food and fi sh excreta are a main concern in those tanks design. Excess concentrations of sediments can cause fi sh death or additional costs of energy for aeration. This research is aimed to understand the settling behavior of fl ocs when subjected to a liquid shear rate. A reduced scale model of an aquaculture recirculation tank was build in Plexiglas in order to use particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry techniques to measure fl uid velocities, solid settling velocities, flocs shape and size. Different fl ow rates and solid concentrations were used to develop varied confi gurations in the system; models for floc settling velocity based on fractal theory were calibrated. Cohesive sediments from fi sh food were observed in long-term experiments at constant fl uid shear rate in the recirculation tank. A group of 50 images were obtained for every 5 min. Image analysis provided us with fl oc settling velocity data and fl oc size. Using fl oc settling velocity data, fl oc density was obtained for different diameters at equilibrium conditions, after 1 h or larger experiments. Statistical analysis of fl oc velocities for different floc sizes allowed us to obtain an expression for the drag coefficient as a function of floc particle Reynolds number (Rep). The results were compared with floc settling velocity results from different researchers. The model is able to define the general behavior of fl oc settling velocity, which shows a reduction for larger fl ocs that is not taken into account in classical models. Only two parameters of the drag coefficient model for a permeable spherical particle are needed to be calibrated, for different types of sediments, in order to have more general applicability.UAE

Utilización del isótopo radiacivo Cesio-137 para evaluar la tasa de erosión en una ladera degrada en México

In the Ejido La Gavia, in the municipality of Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, the soils dedicated to maize cultivation and cattle grazing show high levels of erosion. Therefore, it is convenient to estimate the soil erosion rate of crops in the sub-basin with the use of tracers. The hypothesis of this study was that the annual erosion rate (Mg ha-1 y-1) on the degraded slope of the Ejido La Gavia can exceed the maximum permitted limits of erosion for this type of agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to quantify the annual erosion rate in a maize plot and a degraded slope of the Ejido, and to identify the deposit areas of the radioactive isotope Cesium-137 (137Cs). The soil sampling of the degraded slope was made in four transects with ten samples in each one, obtaining a total of 40 soil samples. Five reference sites were included, out of which the 137Cs profile was measured at 50 cm depth. At the reference site, the maximum value found was 6.8 Bq kg-1 at a depth of 10 cm, with 96 % of the 137Cs content observed in the first 20 cm of the soil profile. The inventory of 137Cs on the study slope was between 10.2 and 535.1 Bq m-2, which was lower than that found in the selected reference site of 584.3 Bq m-2. The mass balance model 2 was used, obtaining a soil loss rate with values of - 23.5, - 27.5, - 20.9, and - 22.0 Mg ha-1 y-1. Soil erosion rates in the study four site transects far exceeded the permissible limit of 6.7 Mg ha-1 y-1.En el ejido La Gavia, del municipio de Almoloya de Juá-rez, Estado de México, los suelos dedicados al cultivo del maíz y pastoreo de ganado presentan niveles de ero-sión elevados. Debido a ello, es conveniente estimar la tasa de erosión de los suelos de los cultivos de la sub-cuenca con el uso de trazadores. La hipótesis del estu-dio fue que la tasa de erosión anual (Mg ha-1 año-1) en la ladera degradada del ejido La Gavia puede superar los límites máximos permitidos de erosión para este tipo de suelos agrícolas. El objetivo de estudio es cuantificar la tasa de erosión anual en una parcela de cultivo de maíz y una ladera degradada del ejido en comento e identificar las áreas de depósito del isótopo radioactivo Cesio-137 (137Cs). El muestreo de suelos de la ladera degradada se realizó en cuatro transectos con diez muestras en cada uno, con lo cual se obtuvieron 40 muestras de suelo en total. Cinco sitios de referencia se incluyeron de los cua-les se midió el 137Cs del perfil de 50 cm de profundidad. En el sitio de referencia el valor máximo encontrado fue de 6.8 Bq kg-1 a una profundidad de 10 cm, con 96 % de los contenidos de 137Cs observado en los primeros 20 cm del perfil del suelo. El inventario de 137Cs en la ladera de estudio se encontró entre 10.2 y 535.1 Bq m-2, que fue meno al encontrado en el sitio de referencia seleccionado de 584.3 Bq m-2. Se usó el modelo de balance de masa 2 obteniéndose una tasa de pérdida de suelo con valore

Using Geochemical Fingerprints for Assessing Sediment Source Apportionment in an Agricultural Catchment in Central Argentina

In the hilly semi-arid region of central Argentina, where the agricultural frontier expands at the expense of natural ecosystems, soil erosion is one of the most alarming environmental problems. Thus, obtaining knowledge about the dynamics of erosive processes and identifying erosion hotspots constitutes a primary scientific objective. This investigation is focused on estimating the apportion-ments of main sources of sediments, at the mouth of a small catchment called Durazno del Medio, located in the province of San Luis, Argentina. Elemental Analysis, measured by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), was used to select potential geochemical fingerprints of sediment. The unmixing model MixSIAR was applied to approximate the contribution of each identified source in the sediment accumulation areas at the mouth of the catchment. Potential sediment sources were selected using two criteria: (i) a hierarchical approach to identify the main geomorphological units (GUs) and (ii) the main land uses (LU), recognized by examining satellite images and field recogni-tions. The selected geochemical tracers were able to distinguish sources located in the Crystalline basement hills with loess-patched (CBH) as the main sediment contributors.Fil: Garcias Paez, Yanina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Torres Astorga, Romina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Ojeda, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: de los Santos Villalobos, Sergio. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora; MéxicoFil: Tejeda, Samuel. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; MéxicoFil: Velasco, Ricardo Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentin

Assessment of Spatial Variability of Heavy Metals in Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley, Mexico, Using the Biomonitoring Technique in Mosses and TXRF Analysis

This study is aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals using the epiphytic moss genera Fabronia ciliaris collected from six urban sites in the Metropolitan Zone of the Toluca Valley in Mexico. The concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Pb were determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique. Results show that the average metal concentration decrease in the following order: Fe (8207 mg/Kg) > Ca (7315 mg/Kg) > K (3842 mg/Kg) > Ti (387 mg/Kg) > Mn, Zn (191 mg/Kg) > Sr (71 mg/Kg) > Pb (59 mg/Kg) > Cu, V (32 mg/Kg) > Cr (24 mg/Kg) > Rb (13 mg/Kg) > Ni (10 mg/Kg). Enrichment factors show a high enrichment for Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb which provides an evidence of anthropogenic impact in the industrial and urban areas, mainly due to the intense vehicular traffic and the fossil fuel combustion. Monitoring techniques in mosses have proved to be a powerful tool for determining the deposition of heavy metals coming from diverse point sources of pollution

Geochemical fingerprints for tracing sediments in the sub-catchment Durazno del Medio, Argentina

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems caused by land-use changes in semi-arid regions of central Argentina. Hence, to understand the erosive dynamics in these regions becomes fundamental. Sub-catchment Durazno del Medio (6.56 km2) is located 21 km northeast of San Luis City (S 33º 08’ 16” – W 66º 09’ 18”; S 33º 11’ 44” – W 66º 08’ 06”), in the central region of Argentina. The average annual temperature is 17 ºC. Annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 800 mm, with a tendency to increase in the last years. Rainfall varies seasonally, with a dry season from May to October and a rainy season from November to April. This agricultural catchment has been researched to identify critical hot spots of land degradation by applying sediment source fingerprinting techniques. In the studied area, exotic tree plantations in protected areas (in a state of youth development), native woodland, roads (dirt and paved), agricultural fields, and channel banks were identified as sources of sediments. Most of the sources were found on quaternary deposits (loessoid deposits), except native forests and some roads, which were found in gneiss and migmatites. The sub-catchment has a drainage network formed by two water courses that converge into the main one. Channel sediments (mixtures) were collected at the end of the main channel. The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analytical technique and the MixSIAR unmixing model were implemented to estimate the contribution of sediment sources in mixtures. The sources and mixtures (tablets) were analyzed in triplicate using a Si-Li detector SDD (resolution 145 keV, Kalpha Mn) with a X ray tube of 50 W and 50 kV. The tracers were analyzed using a fundamental parameters method. Since the selection of correct fingerprints has been proven to be an essential stage in the analysis, before unmixing the natural sediment samples, two artificial mixtures were made using known quantities of soil collected in the identified sources to test the precision and robustness of the tracers selection procedure. These analyses showed that the use of most of the tracers (25 elements) increases the exactitude of calculated proportions. The first mixture was made using two sources, exotic tree plantation in protected areas (35.6 %) and agricultural fields (64.4 %). The second mixture was created using different proportions of 4 different sources including native woodland (30 %), exotic tree plantation in protected areas (20 %), agricultural fields (5 %) and channel banks (45 %). A low mean absolute error (MAE) of 2 % and 4 %, respectively, was obtained when reconstructing the 2 artificial mixtures. This outcome indicates that the selection process was effective. Once the tracers were properly selected, the natural sediment samples were analyzed. Hence, for the catchment mixture, the main sources of sediments were exotic tree plantation in protected areas (96.7 %) and roads (1.8 %). The application of the fingerprint technique highlighted that forests are one of the largest contributors of sediment, followed by dirt roads.Fil: Garcias Paez, Yanina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Torres Astorga, Romina Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Borgatello, Gisela Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Tejeda, Samuel. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; MéxicoFil: de los Santos Villalobos, Sergio. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora; MéxicoFil: Velasco, Ricardo Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaEGU General Assembly 2021VienaAustriaEuropean Geosciences Unio

Evaluación de la toxicidad de los sedimentos del curso alto del río Lerma, México.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la toxicidad de los sedimentos del curso alto del río Lerma (CARL), Estado de México, por medio del ensayo Microtox® con el protocolo básico en la fase sólida. Se colectaron muestras de sedimento superficial en 23 sitios distribuidos sobre el CARL: 12 sobre el cauce del río y 11 en sus tributarios, durante dos campañas de muestreo en un periodo de un año. La concentración efectiva media (EC50) en Vibrio fischeri varió para los sedimentos riverinos entre 139 mg/L y 3588 mg/L y para los de las descargas fue entre 108 mg/L y 16436 mg/L. En general los sedimentos del CARL pueden clasificarse como extremadamente tóxicos, lo cual es un indicativo del impacto de las contribuciones antrópicas de origen doméstico e industrial que recibe este importante cuerpo de agua

Air and wet bulb temperature lapse rates and their impact on snowmaking in a Pyrenean ski resort

A set of 17 air temperature and relative humidity sensors were used to analyze the temporal variability of surface air temperature (Tair), wet bulb temperature (Twb), and daily snowmaking hours (SM, number of hours per day with Twb < − 2 °C), lapse rates, and the occurrence of thermal inversions at the Formigal ski resort (Spanish Pyrenees) from December to March during three consecutive ski seasons (2012–2013, 2013–2014, and 2014–2015). The Tair and Twb lapse rates showed strong hourly and daily variability, with both exhibiting almost identical temporal fluctuations. The Twb exhibited average lapse rates that were slightly steeper (− 5.2 °C/km) than those observed for Tair (− 4.9 °C/km). The less steep lapse rates and most thermal inversions were observed in December. Days having less (more) steep Tair and Twb lapse rates were observed under low (high) wind speeds and high (low) relative humidity and air pressure. The temporal dynamics of the SM lapse rates was more complex, as this involved consideration of the average Tair in the ski resort, in addition to the driving factors of the spatio-temporal variability of Twb. Thus, on a number of cold (warm) days, snowmaking was feasible at all elevations at the ski resort, independently of the slopes of the lapse rates. The SM exhibited an average daily lapse rate of 8.2 h/km, with a progressive trend of increase from December to March. Weather types over the Iberian Peninsula tightly control the driving factors of the Tair, Twb, and SM lapse rates (wind speed, relative humidity, and Tair), so the slopes of the lapse rates and the frequency of inversions in relation to elevation for the three variables are very dependent on the occurrence of specific weather types. The less steep lapse rates occurred associated with advections from the southeast, although low lapse rates also occurred during advections from the east and south, and under anticyclonic conditions. The steepest Tair and Twb lapse rates were observed during north and northwest advections, while the steepest rates for SM were observed during days of cyclonic circulation and advections from the northeast.This study was funded by the research project CGL2014-52599-P "Estudio del manto de nieve en la montaña española y su respuesta a la variabilidad y cambio climatico" (Ministry of Economy and Development, MINECO)

Caracterización de la contaminación por metales pesados y reducción de capacidad de almacenamiento hidráulico por azolve de un embalse mexicano

José Antonio Alzate is the first reservoir over the Lerma river and most of the sediments eroded in the upper Lerma river basin, an highly urbanized area, are deposited there. Alzate reservoir, accomplish functions for flood control and for water irrigation supply downstream. Recently a bathymetric study was carried out in order to know the new bottom reservoir profile. These levels were compared with those existing before the dam construction in 1959 and the sediment volume accumulation was obtained. Also a sampling of bottom sediments was obtained in order to make an analysis by X ray fluorescence spectrometry to define possible pollution by heavy metals. This paper, discuss the high reduction in reservoir storage capacity (close to 50%) and the sediment pollution which defines the environmental risks associated with their removal. Taking into account the low pollution concentrations of heavy metals measured, which do not exceed the standard international criteria for sediment use in agriculture and the relatively low volume of dredging lower than 65 000 m3 , it is recommended to dredge the area surrounding the intake structure for operation security, considering how important it is in the reservoir functioning.El embalse José Antonio Alzate es el primero sobre el curso del río Lerma y acumula los sedimentos erosionados de la cuenca del Curso Alto del río Lerma (CARL), un área densamente urbanizada. Desde el punto de vista hidráulico, dicho embalse cumple la función de control de avenidas y surte de agua a distritos de riego. La realización reciente de un estudio batimétrico del mismo permitió definir el perfil actual de fondo del terreno. Estos niveles se compararon con los originales (antes de su construcción en 1959) efectuando una estimación del volumen de azolve acumulado. Igualmente se llevó a cabo un muestreo de sedimentos de fondo para su posterior análisis por fluorescencia de rayos X con el fin de determinar su posible contaminación por metales pesados. En este artículo se discuten las implicaciones de la pérdida de capacidad de almacenamiento del embalse (cerca del 50%) y de la contaminación de sus sedimentos determinando los riesgos ambientales asociados por su remoción. Teniendo en cuenta los bajos índices de contaminación por metales pesados, los cuales no sobrepasaron los criterios internacionales para uso de sedimentos en agricultura, y del volumen a dragar inferior a los 65 000 m3 , se concluyó que es recomendable dragar la zona aledaña a la obra de toma para seguridad en la operación de esa estructura que es indispensable para cumplir con las funciones del embalse

Macro and microelement analysis of Sargassum fluitans and Sargassum natans arriving in the coastal zone of Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Análisis de macro y microelementos de Sargassum fluitans y Sargassum natans que arriban a la zona costera de Cancún, Quintana Roo, México

In recent years, the massive increase in Sargassum landings on the Mexican Caribbean coast has generated negative environmental repercussions. This study has two main objectives (1) to analyze the macro and micronutrients of Sargassum fluitans and S. natans in order to (2) use them in the local and regional industry as a biofertilizer in the production of ornamental plants. Sargasso samples were collected from floating arrivals in the sea and landfall in the area of three beaches in Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico in 2018. The quantification of the elements in the samples was carried out using the method of fundamental parameters. The concentration of the macronutrients Ca, Na, K and Cl was higher than the elements Mg, S, Si and Sr, as well as two orders of magnitude higher than Al and P. Additionally, the trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni were found in both species. It is worth mentioning that most of these elements are essential to complete the life cycle of plants; therefore, S. fluitans and S. natans can be considered as an excellent natural resource and alternative as a soil improver for the cultivation of ornamental plants