Le misure amministrative di prevenzione della corruzione.

L'elaborato inizia con un'analisi socio-economica delle cause e degli effetti della corruzione, proseguendo con la presentazione della situazione normativa italiana anteriore alla riforma effettuata con la legge 190 del 2012, per finire con una disamina delle principali novità apportate con tale legge e le modifiche successive, con particolare attenzione per le principali criticità sorte in sede interpretativa ed applicativa, facendo riferimento soprattutto agli orientamenti forniti dall'Autorità nazionale anticorruzione

surface tailoring of aluminum sheets by pvd sputtering

Abstract In order to change surface morphology of aluminum sheets, they have been mounted as targets in a PVD sputtering system, and subjected to several sputtering cycles. As an effect of the plasma erosion, sheet surface continuously changes during multiple sputtering cycles. First results are shown in terms of surface morphology. The levelling effect of the plasma erosion is evident as initial irregularities from rolling partially disappear, and surface profiles become smoother by increasing number of cycles. That is the first result in the direction of surface tailoring, and nano-grooves could be expected at very high numbers of cycles. Surface nano-tailoring would be the first step for the production of patterns in injection molding of common polymers

Investigation into Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bivalve mollusks farmed in Sardinia region and destined for human consumption

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites transmitted by fecal-oral ingestion of (oo)cysts, and are responsible for enteritis in several animal species and humans worldwide. These (oo)cysts can survive for over a year in aquatic environments and can accumulate in bivalve mollusks, which filter large volumes of water. The aim of this study is to evaluate the natural occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination in different specimens of edible bivalves mollusks from farming sites of the western and north-eastern coasts of Sardinia. From April 2011 to February 2012, 1095 specimens of Mytilus galloprovincialis and 240 of Crassostrea gigas were sampled from Olbia and Oristano gulf and San Teodoro pond. Hepatopancreas and gills, including the labial palp, were examined for oocysts and cysts after pooling and homogenisation using different techniques: i) staining for light and fluorescence microscopy; ii) direct immunofluorescence (IF) Merifluor® test Cryptosporidium/ Giardia (Meridian Bioscience Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA); and iii) molecular procedures. However, in the context under study, all mollusks examined with the three main diagnostic techniques were negative for both parasites pointing out the hypothetically low zoonotic risk related to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in bivalves, especially Mytilus galloprovincialis and Crassostrea gigas

Microplastics Occurrence in the European Common Frog (Rana temporaria) from Cottian Alps (Northwest Italy)

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is arousing growing attention, yet knowledge about its occurrence in amphibians is scant to date. With this study, we aimed to determine whether plastic (>5000 μm) and MPs (10–5000 μm) could be detected in adult Rana temporaria from a high-mountain ecosystem (the Cottian Alps, northwest Italy). To do this, aquatic compartments and the digestive tract of adult R. temporaria were analyzed. Water, sediment, periphyton, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and tadpoles tested negative for plastic and MPs. Microplastics were detected in all the adult frogs (n = 5); all the identified items (one per specimen) were fibers (size range: 550.91–2355.51 µm). A statistically significant positive correlation between the particle length and frog size was recorded. The predominant fiber color was blue. The chemical composition was polyamide (60%), polyethylene (20%), and polyethylene terephthalate (20%). Since both the biotic and the abiotic freshwater compartments (tadpoles included) revealed the absence of MPs, it can be assumed that adult frogs ingest MPs from the surrounding terrestrial environment.This research was partially funded by Fondazione CRT, the ALPLA II project, grant number 21D03.Peer reviewe

Lichen planus in children: a case report

Lichen planus (LP) is rare in children. A review of the literature reveals that it has some peculiarities with respect to sex, localization, clinical aspect, race, and family history. We present an Indian child with the documented peculiarities of infantile LP. A comparison of LP and graft-versus-host disease points to the Importance of thymic Involution in the pathogenesis of the former, which could explain the rarity of this disorder in infants

The specialist trained nurse`s importance and role in the psychiatric outpatient care from management`s perspectives

Bakgrund: Psykiatrisjuksköterskan har historiskt sett pendlat mellan att vara omvårdnadsansvarig till att vara förlängd arm till andra yrkeskategorier som till exempel läkare. Studier visar att specialistsjuksköterskan har en komplex kompetens som hen upplever inte alltid lyfts av organisationen och att hen ofta upplever sig klämd emellan patienters, medarbetares och organisationens krav. Specialistsjuksköterskor i psykiatrisk vård börjar nu bli en bristvara och då deras roll, status och betydelse framstår som diffus   kan det bli svårt att rekrytera nya sjuksköterskor att utbilda sig och stanna kvar inom psykiatrisk vård. Då mycket få studier är genomförda i psykiatrisk öppenvård och med ledningsperspektiv var det av intresse att tillfråga just enhetschefer med ansvar att anställa personal. Syfte: Att beskriva enhetschefers uppfattningar om och förväntningar på specialistsjuksköterskans betydelse och roll i psykiatrisk öppenvården. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en empirisk intervjustudie med semistrukturerade frågor som ställdes individuellt till sju enhetschefer verksamma inom psykiatrisk öppenvård. Materialet bearbetades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom huvudkategorin ”Arbetsuppgifter och förväntningar” med underkategorierna Bedömningar, Samordnande och samverkande roll, Läkemedelsadministrering, Utvecklingsarbete, Flexibla ansvarsområden, Bemötande och kommunikation samt Kompetens. Diskussion: Specialistsjuksköterskan har många olika roller att träda in i inom psykiatrisk öppenvård och förväntas använda sin kompetens där den behövs.Background: Psychiatric nurses has historically oscillated between being responsible of nursing care to be an extended arm to other professionals such as physicians. Studies show that the specialist nurse has a complex competence that according to the nurses is not always highlighted by the organization and often find themselves trapped between patients, other employees and the organization's demands. Specialist nurses in psychiatric care are now becoming scarce and when their role, status and importance appears diffuse, it may be difficult to recruit new nurses to train and remain in psychiatric services. Since very few studies have been carried out in outpatient psychiatric services and management perspective, it was of interest to the matter to ask the views of unit managers with responsibility to hire staff. Aim: To describe unit managers' perceptions and expectations of the specialist nurse's importance and role in psychiatric outpatient services. Method: The study was conducted as an empirical interview study with semi-structured questions that were asked individually to seven unit managers occupied in psychiatric outpatient care. The material was processed with a qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. Results: The result showed the main category "Duties and expectations" with the subcategories Assessments, Coordinating and cooperative role, Drug administration, Development, Flexible responsibilities, Treatment and communication as well as Competence. Discussions: The specialistnurse has many variable roles to enter in psychiatric outpatient care and are expected to use their expertise where it is needed

Action of anticytoskeletal compounds on <i>in vitro</i> cytopathic effect, phagocytosis, and adhesiveness of <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>

The cytopathic effects of Trichomonas vaginalis treated with inhibitory concentrations of anticytoskeletal compounds (mebendazole, griseofulvin, colchicine, taxol, and cytochalasin B) were studied in mouse CLID fibroblast cultures. The evaluation, at different times, of cell numbers and morphological alterations showed that cytopathic effect was considerably reduced when protozoa were pretreated with mebendazole and griseofulvin, whereas colchicine, taxol, and cytochalasin B had less effect. Furthermore, treatment with mebendazole, griseofulvin, and colchicine decreased adhesiveness of the protozoan, whereas treatment with cytochalasin B and colchicine completely inhibited its phagocytic activity. From these results it may be concluded that alterations induced in the trichomonal cytoskeleton may affect its adhesiveness and its in vitro cytopathic effect, but there is no direct correlation between protozoan phagocytosis and its in vitro pathogenic effect

Toxoplasma gondii and Other Zoonotic Protozoans in Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): A Food Safety Concern?

Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are among the most consumed fishery products, but they are frequent vehicles of foodborne infection worldwide. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and seasonality of zoonotic protozoans in mussels farmed or sold at retail outlets in Italy. We collected and tested 1,440 M. galloprovincialis and 180 M. edulis. Pooled samples were molecularly tested for Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii and then sequenced. Sixty-two (45.9%; 95% confidence interval, 37.5 to 54.3%) mussel pools tested positive for one or more of the investigated pathogens. Both Mytilus species and samples from all the investigated areas harbored pathogens. Mussels were statistically more contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp., followed by T. gondii and G. duodenalis assemblage A, and M. galloprovincialis was more contaminated than M. edulis (P , 0.01). Contamination was more likely in mussels at retail outlets (P , 0.05) than in those from farms and in mussels collected in spring (P , 0.01) than in other seasons. This is the first report of T. gondii found in M. galloprovincialis in Italy and in M. edulis in Europe. The detection of zoonotic protozoans in a widely consumed food source indicates the need for a more detailed microbiological risk analysis, especially considering that bivalve mollusks are often consumed raw worldwide