Seedling survival declines with increasing conspecific density in a common temperate tree

Feedbacks between plants and their soil microbial communities often drive negative density dependence in rare, tropical tree species, but their importance to common, temperate trees remains unclear. Additionally, whether negative density dependence is driven by natural enemies (e.g., soil pathogens) or by high densities of seedlings has rarely been assessed. Density dependence may also depend on seedling size, as smaller and/or younger seedlings may be more susceptible to mortality agents. We monitored seedlings of Quercus rubra, a common, canopy‐dominant temperate tree, to investigate how the density of neighboring adults and seedlings influenced their survival over two years. We assessed how the soil microbial community influenced seedling survival by growing seedlings in a glasshouse inoculated with soil collected from beneath conspecific and heterospecific mature trees. In the field, seedling survival was lower in areas with high densities of mature conspecifics but was unrelated to either conspecific or heterospecific seedling density. Smaller seedlings were also more sensitive than larger seedlings to neighboring adult conspecifics. In the glasshouse, seedlings grown with soil from beneath a conspecific adult had a higher mortality rate than seedlings grown with soil from beneath heterospecific adults or sterilized soil, suggesting that soil microbial communities drive the patterns of mortality in the field. These results illustrate the importance of negative density‐dependent feedbacks resulting from the soil microbial community in a common and ecologically important temperate tree species

Blue oak stump sprouting evaluated after firewood harvest in northern Sacramento Valley

Colifornia's hardwood rangelands, an oak-dominated woodland system, cover 10 million acres. More than 80% of these lands are privately owned, with two-thirds grazed by domestic livestock. Public concerns about long-term damage to habitat in areas harvested for firewood — particularly in the northern Sacramento Valley — led to this study of resprouting, to assess long-term trends in oak cover following harvesting and the potential of sprout (coppice) management to sustain woodlands. In field surveys on 103 sample plots at 19 ranches where oak firewood was harvested, we found that 54% of all oak stumps resprouted. Stump diameter, herbicide application, overstory crown cover percentage, and slope and aspect were significant variables in models developed to assess the probability of stump sprouting. Ten-year sprout height and crown growth models were developed, and livestock grazing, residual overstory canopy, herbicide treatment and stump diameter were found to be significant variables. These models can be used to predict stand development following firewood harvest and can be integrated with forage growth, wildlife habitat and residual tree growth models

Jogo educacional sobre avaliação em fisioterapia: uma nova abordagem acadêmica

Este artigo relata a criação de um jogo educacional sobre avaliação em fisioterapia. Uma nova abordagem acadêmica foi proposta para complementar a metodologia atual, basicamente expositiva, especialmente em cursos com conteúdo prático, como a fisioterapia. Uma estratégia pedagógica com casos clínicos e recursos tecnológicos inovadores pode atrair a atenção do estudante, permitindo um aprendizado mais intenso e ativo. O aplicativo foi criado no Adobe Flash CS3 com a linguagem Extensible Markup Language (XML) para a organização das perguntas múltipla escolha. O jogo é composto por quatro salas de atendimento sobre avaliação neurológica, respiratória, musculoesquelética e em terapia intensiva. Há, em cada sala, um caso clínico, seguido de questões múltipla escolha e, por fim, uma questão especial, contendo vídeos ou imagens. Ao responder as questões de forma equivocada, o participante é direcionado a uma sala de estudos com a literatura relacionada ao tema e alguns artigos sugeridos. Para avaliar o impacto desse jogo no processo de aprendizado, serão necessários mais estudos, porém o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias para aprimorar o método de ensino atual é de extrema importância.This article reports the creation of an education game about physiotherapy's evaluation. It proposes the use of new academic approach to improve the existing teaching method of expositive classes and especially for practical courses like physiotherapy. A pedagogical approach with clinical cases and technological resources is capable of attracting the student attention and may stimulate active learning processes. The game was created with Adobe Flash CS3 combined with an Extensible Markup Language (XML) for the questions. Four treatment rooms were created in four different areas: Neurology, Respiratory, Orthopedic and Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In every room there is a case, followed by multiple choice questions and special questions with pictures and videos. There is also a classroom for each case, where some literature and articles for further studies are suggested. To measure the influence of this educational game in the learning process, more studies are needed, however the development of new strategies to improve the existing teaching method is very important

Environmental Governance and the Politics of Property in Chile

This study seeks to contribute to an understanding of the patterns of environmental governance in Chile which is both an international model for natural resource-led economic development and an emblematic case of "free market" policy-making. It asks how the typical challenges of environmental governance--the coordination of multiple uses of land/seascapes and resources, the resolution of conflicts, and the reconciliation of competing claims--are addressed given the constraints on state regulatory capacity and authority associated with decades of neoliberal restructuring. My general research proposition is that in this context, property rights have become the key sites where the political and institutional logics of environmental and resource governance are expressed and contested. The dissertation consists of four appended articles that analyze different aspects and implications of this "property-centric" approach to governance. These cover the emergence of environmental legislation, the growth of private land conservation and the political and legal barriers it faces, the policy and political dynamics associated with the allocation of public coastal waters, and the role of property rights in shaping the development and regulation of aquaculture. The analysis draws on and integrates political ecology-oriented literature on environmental governance, legal property theory, and a focus on institutions for common resource management. From this theoretical foundation it develops a legal geographic approach that moves between a focus on formal policy-making and a ground-level view of law as it is interpreted and enacted in specific contexts. Research relied on a combination of primarily qualitative methods and materials including the review of archival and documentary sources, semi-structured interviews with key informants, participant observation, and the mapping of resource rights. Common or overlapping findings in the four studies provide support for several general conclusions regarding the relationships between environmental governance, neoliberalism, property rights, and the management of common resources. a) In the first place, and contrary to expectations, market-based environmental regulation (in a strict sense) has been limited in Chile. b) The legal frameworks which, following neoliberal prescriptions, are designed so as to avoid public deliberation and governmental interference in the economy have facilitated rapid growth in many areas but only by deferring key governance tasks. c) These same arrangements tend to displace and channel politics through property rights, and in the process produce a variety of unintended consequences. d) The privileged position of property rights has resulted in self-reinforcing and path dependent tendencies associated with the collective action of resource users in the pursuit of various political and economic ends. e) At the same time, this project documents the institutionally diverse nature of private property rights, including a multivalent orientation toward markets. f) Finally, the research documents how common property arrangements and ideas have emerged through efforts by various actors to address governance challenges in contexts as diverse as private land conservation and the management of salmon aquaculture production.Release 15-Aug-201

The Local Formation of Federal Forest Policy: Case Studies of Environmental Activism from the Sierra Nevada, CA.

This study looks at how local environmental activism influences public lands policy. Public lands present our society with massive, unresolved policy dilemmas. A substantial portion of the country remains in public ownership. This land contains a significant share of the nation's “natural resources,” including: water, productive soils, biological diversity, timber, forage, oil, minerals and remaining wild areas. Who should decide how these lands are treated? How should we decide what to do with them? What are proper and improper uses of the public lands? Which values should receive priority ill policymaking? What would constitute democratic management of public lands? These are difficult questions that have plagued our government, the academic community and many interested citizens for at least a hundred years in the United States. This study contributes to the public lands debate by critiquing some current decision making structures and processes of public participation in national forest policy; and by documenting the importance of local struggles ill shaping policy within the existing administrative framework

Pediatric physical therapy 4th ed./ Tecklin

xiv, 680 hal.; ill., tab.; 28 cm

Pediatric physical therapy 4th ed./ Tecklin

xiv, 680 hal.; ill., tab.; 28 cm