O estatuto de cidadão europeu como instrumento da tutela dos direitos de cidadania e dos direitos fundamentais e como elemento de coesão entre os cidadãos da União

Numa União Europeia ainda muito desigual em termos económicos e sociais, a autora reclama por uma maior convergência entre a cidadania e os direitos fundamentais, por forma a tornar o cidadão europeu um ser mais completo, titular de direitos associados ao estatuto de cidadania europeia, incluindo os direitos consagrados no artigo 20º do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia (não discriminação, circulação, residência, participação política e cívica, proteção diplomática) e os direitos previstos na Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia e na Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem e das Liberdades Fundamentais. A autora enfatiza a importância do estatuto de cidadania europeiaenquanto instrumento da tutela dos direitos e elemento de coesão entre os cidadãos da União – e, neste contexto, proclama a jurisprudência do homenageado Conselheiro Cunha Rodrigues como precursora de uma nova dimensão da cidadania da União e do consequente alargamento do âmbito de aplicação do direito da União Europeia.In a European Union still ridden with social and economic imbalances, the author calls for greater convergence between citizenship and fundamental rights in order to make the European citizen a more complete being, enjoying rights resulting from the European citizenship status, including the rights enshrined in Article 20 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (non-discrimination, freedom of movement, residence, political and civic participation, diplomatic protection) and the rights listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The author emphasizes the importance of the European citizenship status as an instrument of protection of rights and an element of cohesion among Union citizens – and, in this context, highlights the case law of the honoree Judge Cunha Rodrigues as a precursor to a new dimension of Union citizenship and the consequent widening of the scope of European Union law

Shape grammars for creative decisions in the architectural project

Shape grammars (SG), which define a set of shapes, are used in applications in the field of Computational Creativity (CC). Computational Creativity can be considered an area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that chases the goal of understanding creativity and building computational applications that emulate or support human creativity in Arts and Science. In this context, our aim is to show how SG may provide artists with applications to assist them in the creative process, not only creating solutions but also as a way of creating new ideas. Our objective is to demonstrate how, in architecture, SG can work with rules that will convey legal restrictions, space needs and goals of the architect, creating possible solutions to a project. A wide range of solutions can be tested in computational applications based in SG. These applications can also encourage the architect to go further in his creativity through shape emergence where the conditions are fulfilled and presented as innovative and/or unexpected. Architects obey strict rules when they apply artistic intention to a specific need/objective intention (space building). Thus, our methods are to enumerate SG as a tool for decision-making in architectural projects and to show a set of common phases that may be generated by the use of computational applications in response not only to technical needs but also to creative goals.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Shape grammars for creative decisions in the architectural project

Shape grammars (SG), which define a set of shapes, are used in applications in the field of Computational Creativity (CC). Computational Creativity can be considered an area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that chases the goal of understanding creativity and building computational applications that emulate or support human creativity in Arts and Science. In this context, our aim is to show how SG may provide artists with applications to assist them in the creative process, not only creating solutions but also as a way of creating new ideas. Our objective is to demonstrate how, in architecture, SG can work with rules that will convey legal restrictions, space needs and goals of the architect, creating possible solutions to a project. A wide range of solutions can be tested in computational applications based in SG. These applications can also encourage the architect to go further in his creativity through shape emergence where the conditions are fulfilled and presented as innovative and/or unexpected. Architects obey strict rules when they apply artistic intention to a specific need/objective intention (space building). Thus, our methods are to enumerate SG as a tool for decision-making in architectural projects and to show a set of common phases that may be generated by the use of computational applications in response not only to technical needs but also to creative goals.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Shape grammars for creative decisions: In the architectural project

Shape grammars, used in applications in the field of Computational Creativity (CC), might provide the artists with applications to assist them in the creative process, not only creating solutions but also as a way of creating new ideas. In architecture, shape grammars can work with rules which will convey legal restrictions, space needs and goals that the architect needs or wants to fulfil, creating possible solutions to a project. A wide range of solutions can be tested in computational application based in shape grammars. These applications can also encourage the architect to go further in his creativity through the shape emergence where the conditions are fulfilled and presented as innovative and/or unexpected. Due to the strict rules they have to obey and to the issues they are supposed to respond and, not being a mere artistic intention but rather a response to a specific need/objective intention (space building), architectural projects show a set of common phases which might take a lot of advantages from computational applications and at the same time respond not only to the technical needs but also to the creative goals.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Shape grammars for creative decisions: In the architectural project

Shape grammars, used in applications in the field of Computational Creativity (CC), might provide the artists with applications to assist them in the creative process, not only creating solutions but also as a way of creating new ideas. In architecture, shape grammars can work with rules which will convey legal restrictions, space needs and goals that the architect needs or wants to fulfil, creating possible solutions to a project. A wide range of solutions can be tested in computational application based in shape grammars. These applications can also encourage the architect to go further in his creativity through the shape emergence where the conditions are fulfilled and presented as innovative and/or unexpected. Due to the strict rules they have to obey and to the issues they are supposed to respond and, not being a mere artistic intention but rather a response to a specific need/objective intention (space building), architectural projects show a set of common phases which might take a lot of advantages from computational applications and at the same time respond not only to the technical needs but also to the creative goals.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Nécrologie

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Caractérisation de la nanocavitation de nanoparticules plasmoniques irradiées hors-résonance par impulsions ultra-brèves

Ces dernières années, la génération de nano-bulles plasmoniques a suscité un vif intérêt dans le domaine de la recherche. Elles trouvent une place particulièrement importante en nanochirurgie cellulaire où des nano-bulles sont induites près de la membrane cellulaire dans le but de la perturber ou la perforer. Ainsi, il est possible d’y introduire des médicaments, des brins d’ADN pour de la thérapie génique ou même de l’endommager pour induire sa mort. En irradiant la zone ciblée avec un laser à impulsions focalisé, un plasma est formé au point focal et permet de générer cette bulle. L’idée d’y inclure des nanoparticules permet de concentrer l’énergie optique dans un petit volume à leur voisinage et d’assurer un ciblage précis des zones à traiter. La bulle est dans ce cas produite par le chauffage de la nanoparticule. Cependant, un problème sous-jacent est qu’une élévation de température trop importante peut déformer ces nanoparticules. Celles-ci ne sont alors plus capables de générer des bulles. Elles peuvent également se fragmenter et poser des problèmes de cytotoxicité. Récemment, une nouvelle méthode pour générer des bulles par interaction hors-résonance a été mise en évidence. En irradiant les nanoparticules à une longueur d’onde légèrement décalée de leur résonance, on peut former un nano-plasma dû à l’amplification locale de champ autour de la nanoparticule. Ce plasma permet de produire une bulle sans chauffer la nanoparticule, diminuant ainsi les risques de l’endommager. Ce mécanisme alternatif dépend fortement des conditions d’irradiations et des caractéristiques des nanoparticules. Actuellement, peu de données expérimentales sont disponibles sur l’irradiation hors-résonance des nanoparticules sphériques. Une des premières raisons est le grand nombre de variables pour une expérience de cavitation par irradiation de nanoparticules. Les paramètres d’irradiation comme la longueur d’onde, la durée de l’impulsion ou encore le mode d’irradiation peuvent aller respectivement de l’UV à l’infrarouge, du continu au femtoseconde et de l’impulsion unique à un train d’impulsions. En spécifiant l’étude à l’irradiation hors-résonance, on réduit drastiquement les données de la littérature à quelques ensembles de valeurs. Plusieurs modèles théoriques existent aussi à ce jour, décrivant le comportement des nanoparticules sphériques pour différents paramètres. Le modèle multi-échelle et la conception robuste (Rational Design ) tout deux développés dans notre laboratoire en sont des exemples. Cependant,ils s’accompagnent de peu de résultats expérimentaux. L’objectif ici présenté est une étude quantitative sur l’irradiation hors-résonance des nanoparticules sphériques, indispensables pour affiner la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu et tester le pouvoir de prédiction de ces modèles.----------Abstract The generation of nanobubbles around nanoparticules in liquid by ultrafast off-resonance irradiation is studied. When focusing a laser on a targeted area, a plasma is generated at the focal point and can create those vapor nanobubbles. The idea to include nanoparticules allows to concentrate optical energy in a small volume and guarantees an improved targeting of the areas to be treated. In this case, the bubbles is produced through the heating of the nanoparticle. However, an underlying problem is the potential deformation of the nanoparticle due to an elevated temperature. Those are no longer able to generate bubbles. Also, they can fragment and raise safety concerns. We concentrate our study in the off-resonance irradiation regime. Using a slightly detuned wavelength from their plasmon resonance, a nanoplasma can be produced by the near-field amplification around the nanoparticle. This plasma can generate bubble while avoiding heating, reducing risk of fragmentation. This plasma-mediated mechanism is strongly dépendent on the time regime of the irradiation and the nanoparticle plasmon resonance. Currently, few experimental data are available about off-resonance irradiation of spherical nanoparticles. One of the primary reasons is the broad range of variables for that kind of experiments. For example, the irradiation wavelength can cover from the UV to infrared region, the pulse duration can be between a continuous laser to a femtosecond regime and finally the irradiation can use single pulse or a pulse train. Restricting to off-resonance study,the quantity of data available in the literature are drastically cut to a few materials. Some theoretical models exist, they are precious tools to describe the behavior of nanoparticles for various experimental conditions. The multiscale modelling and the Rational Design both developed in our laboratory are examples.In this context, this work aims to perform a quantitative study on off-resonance irradiation of spherical nanoparticles, essential to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved and to test the predictive power of these models. However, characterizing numerous samples of nanoparticles requires a clear methodology including measurements, data processing and a definition of the cavitation threshold. In the literature, no standardized test exists. Multiples detection systems can be found with variable resolution or efficiency. Sometimes, cavitation threshold is defined with the transmission loss in the sample when a nanobubble deviate part of a probe beam or by the probability to detect a bubble. In both cases, methodology are seldom detailed. For the sake of simplicity and flexibility, a system based on a probe beam deviation had been chosen. Bubbles can be detected with a diameter starting from 800 nm

SYSTEMS METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS GLIOBLASTOMA DATASETS TOWARDS ELUCIDATION OF INTER-TUMOURAL RESISTANCE PATHWAYS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

In this PhD thesis is described an endeavour to compile litterature about Glioblastoma key molecular mechanisms into a directed network followin Disease Maps standards, analyse its topology and compare results with quantitative analysis of multi-omics datasets in order to investigate Glioblastoma resistance mechanisms. The work also integrated implementation of Data Management good practices and procedures