Pulmonary function measures predict mortality differently in IPF versus combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

The composite physiologic index (CPI) was derived to represent the extent of fibrosis on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), adjusting for emphysema in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We hypothesised that longitudinal change in CPI would better predict mortality than forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) or diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in all patients with IPF, and especially in those with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). Cox proportional hazard models were performed on pulmonary function data from IPF patients at baseline (n=321), 6 months (n=211) and 12 months (n=144). Presence of CPFE was determined by HRCT. A five-point increase in CPI over 12 months predicted subsequent mortality (HR 2.1, p=0.004). At 12 months, a 10% relative decline in FVC, a 15% relative decline in DLCO or an absolute increase in CPI of five points all discriminated median survival by 2.1 to 2.2 yrs versus patients with lesser change. Half our cohort had CPFE. In patients with moderate/severe emphysema, only a 10% decline in FEV1 predicted mortality (HR 3.7, p=0.046). In IPF, a five-point increase in CPI over 12 months predicts mortality similarly to relative declines of 10% in FVC or 15% in DLCO. For CPFE patients, change in FEV1 was the best predictor of mortality.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91949/1/2011 ERJ - Pulmonary function measures predict mortality differently in IPF versus combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.pd

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Opaque Architectures: Spatial Practices of African Migrant Markets in Cape Town (1990 - present)

The dissertation explores the spatial practices of African migrant markets in post-Apartheid Cape Town. The research is framed by the fields of everyday architectures and subaltern studies, and argues that while the former field has expanded the understanding of architecture by recognising the ordinary spaces of everyday life, the latter field offers a critical reading in relation to marginal populations and contested sites. As a whole the thesis therefore suggests that beyond understanding these markets as everyday architectures, they should be understood as minor or marginal architectures, where their subordinate position is understood as a relative and contingent construct. The first part of the thesis discusses the methodological and theoretical approach developed through the research. Drawing on the dual framework of everyday architectures and subaltern studies, the research shows how these marginal architectures are rendered opaque as a result of spatial and political processes within the city, country and continent. This dual framework enables a recognition of the inventive micro-spatial practices of the markets, while simultaneously pointing to the impact of the broader context within which they are situated. The primary research methods employed are a combination of ethnographic research, interviews, observations and drawings. The subsequent chapters are structured according to decreasing spatial scales. They discuss the specificities of spatial stories and spatial practices through the acts of border crossing, public spaces, home making and unmaking and cross-border trading. Through these practices and spaces they point to questions of national belonging, migration, gender and race as having spatial, material and embodied expressions. The conceptual framing of the markets enables a view of these spaces beyond a topographical reading as sites of informality, deprivation, and poverty, to understand the complexity of the spatial and material processes which underpin these sites

Aspects of cement stabilized Mozambique sand base material performance under MMLS3 and MLS10 APT trafficking

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Innovative applications of the MLS10 for developing pavement design systems

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