Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis of Coffee Germplasms from Southern Ethiopia

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis is a recently recommended effective method to study the genotype by environment (GxE) interaction pattern of multi-environment varietal trials. This work deals with modeling and examining the GxE interaction pattern of the multi-environment trials of 43 genotypes and eight environments from Southern Ethiopia coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) collections using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The work further attempts to predict yield based on the ammi model and evaluate and recommend high performing and adaptable varieties. The AMMI model with the first two interaction principal component axes (AMMI2) is found to be appropriate and parsimonious for the data. Environments e5, e6, e7, e8 and e3 are found to be high potential environments, where genotypes having high-yield (greater than 14 qt/ha) and resistant to Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) are associated. Among the 43 genotypes, 1, 9, 2, 3, 32, 12 and 25 are found to have the best performance with 3, 32, 12 and 25 being highly stable. Among the high-yielding genotypes, 33, 4, 23, 34 and 27 are found to be highly unstable and particularly adapted to environments 5, 6, 7 and 3, respectively

Factors associated with compliance of prenatal iron folate supplementation among women in Mecha district, Western Amhara: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Iron and folate supplementation can effectively control and prevent anaemia in pregnancy. In Ethiopia, all pregnant women are prescribed iron folate during their ANC visit. However, limited adherence is thought to be a major reason for the low effectiveness of iron supplementation programs. Therefore this study was done to investigate factors associated with compliance of prenatal iron folate supplementation among women who gave birth in the last 12 months before the survey in Mecha district.Methods: Community based cross sectional study design was employed in Mecha district from June 25 - July 15/2013. A sample of 634 women who gave birth 12 months before the survey was included in the study. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique after allocating the total sample to each kebele proportionally. Data were  collected using a pre-tested structured Amharic questionnaire. Collected data were edited, coded and entered to Epi info version 3.1 and exported to` SPSS version 16. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was computed. Results: A total of 628 women who gave birth twelve months before the survey were enrolled. In this study only 20.4% of participants were  compliant with iron foliate supplementation. In multivariable analysis, age of the mother, educational status of the mother, knowledge of anaemia and iron folate tablets, and history of anaemia during pregnancy were  significantly associated with compliance to iron folate supplementation (P < .05). Belief that too many tablets would harm the baby and fear of side effects were the major reasons given for noncompliance.Conclusion: Compliance to iron folate supplementation is very low in the study area. Increasing female education and increasing knowledge of women about anaemia and iron folate tablets are recommended to  increase compliance to iron folate supplementation

Assessment of laboratory logistics management information system practice for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis laboratory commodities in selected public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction: Logistics management information system for health commodities remained poorly implemented in most of developing countries. To assess the status of laboratory logistics management information system for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis laboratory commodities in public health facilities in Addis Ababa. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September 2010-January 2011 at selected public health facilities. A stratified random sampling method was used to include a total of 43 facilities which, were investigated through quantitative methods using structured questionnaires interviews. Focus group discussion with the designated supply chain managers and key informant interviews were conducted for the qualitative method. Results: There exists a well-designed logistics system for laboratory commodities with trained pharmacy personnel, distributed standard LMIS formats and established inventory control procedures. However, majority of laboratory professionals were not trained in LMIS. Majority of the facilities (60.5%) were stocked out for at least one ART monitoring and TB laboratory reagents and the highest stock out rate was for chemistry reagents. Expired ART monitoring laboratory commodities were found in 25 (73.5%) of facilities. Fifty percent (50%) of the assessed hospitals and 54% of health centers were currently using stock/bin cards for all HIV/AIDS and TB laboratory commodities in main pharmacy store, among these only 25% and 20.8% of them were updated with accurate information matching with the physical count done at the time of visit for hospitals and health centers respectively. Conclusion: Even though there exists a well designed laboratory LMIS, keeping quality stock/bin cards and LMIS reports were very low. Key ART monitoring laboratory commodities were stock out at many facilities at the day of visit and during the past six months. Based on findings, training of laboratory personnel's managing laboratory commodities and keeping accurate inventory control procedures were recommended.Key words: Logistics management information system, stock outs, laboratory commoditie

Magnitude and determinants of stunting in children underfive years of age in food surplus region of Ethiopia: The case of West Gojam Zone

Background: Child malnutrition is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Surprisingly, the highest level of stunting is found in food surplus areas of the country. Objective: To identify the determinants of stunting in food surplus areas of West Gojam Zone. Method: A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 622 mother-child pairs of 0-59 month old children in Mecha and Wenberma Woredas of West Gojam Zone, Northern Ethiopia between May and June 2006. The study investigated the differential impact of demographic and socio-economic factors, health related factors and dietary factors on stunting among under-five children. Both bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis (logistic regression model) were used to identify the determinants of under-five stunting. Results: The analyses revealed that 43.2 (12.0-17.6) 95% CI percent of the children under age five were suffering from chronic malnutrition, 14.8 (39.3-47.1) 95% CI percent were acutely malnourished and 49.2 (45.3-53.1) 95% CI percent were found to be under-weight. The main contributing factors for under-five stunting were found to be sex of the child, child’s age, diarrhea episode, deprivation of colostrum, duration of breastfeeding, pre-lacteal feeds, type of food, age of introduction of complementary feeding and method of feeding. Conclusion: The findings of this study led to the realization that inappropriate feeding practice is the principal risk factor which brought about nutritional deprivation among under-five children in food surplus areas of Ethiopia. Thus, the importance of appropriate feeding during infancy and childhood cannot be overstated even in food surplus areas. The high prevalence of malnutrition in the study area points out the need to revisit the impression held by many people that malnutrition is not a problem in food surplus areas. Development and implementation of preventive policies aimed at addressing child malnutrition should also consider food surplus areas of the country. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2009;23(2):98-106

Spatial analysis in multi-environment trials of malt barley in Ethiopia

Selection of superior genotypes and measuring heritability are some of the basic objectives of plant breeding. For this purpose, plant breeders grow crops across environments. Understanding the pattern of response across environments is an integral component of selection of superior and stable genotypes. The objective of this study was to improve selection strategies in barley breeding of Ethiopia through modeling spatial field trend. A set of multi-environment trials (MET) data from the national variety trial series conducted over four years, was taken from the Ethiopian Barley Breeding Programme, spanning stages from early generation to national variety trial testing for yield, was used in this study. The trials were analysed in a linear mixed model framework. Then, fitting a one-stage model for MET data, including a correlated spatial process for field trend within each trial, and combining a factor analytic (FA) model for genotype by environment interaction was conducted. The genetic correlations from this MET analysis were then used to cluster the environments based on their similarity. Performance of genotypes across these environmental clusters indicate broad (Bekoji-2005 and Bekoji-2004) and specific adaptation (Sgonder-2007 and Sgonder-2006) of genotype to certain types of environments. In addition, analysis of this historical MET data shed light on how breeding programme design can be improved to capture responses across the target population of environments, as it can inform the adequacy of the current number of barley grown areas in Ethiopia and the improvement in measuring heritability.La s\ue9lection de g\ue9notypes sup\ue9rieurs et la mesure de l\u2019h\ue9ritabilit\ue9 font partie des objectifs fondamentaux de la s\ue9lection v\ue9g\ue9tale. Dans ce but, les selectionneurs de plantes font pousser des cultures dans tous les environnements. Comprendre le mod\ue8le de r\ue9ponse dans les environnements fait partie int\ue9grante de la s\ue9lection de g\ue9notypes sup\ue9rieurs et stables. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019am\ue9liorer les strat\ue9gies de s\ue9lection dans l\u2019\ue9levage d\u2019orge en \uc9thiopie en mod\ue9lisant la tendance des champs spatiaux. Un ensemble de donn\ue9es d\u2019essais multi-environnementaux (MET) de la s\ue9rie d\u2019essais de vari\ue9t\ue9s nationaux men\ue9s sur quatre ans a \ue9t\ue9 tir\ue9 du Programme de s\ue9lection \ue9thiopien de l\u2019orge, qui couvre les stades de la premi\ue8re g\ue9n\ue9ration aux essais de vari\ue9t\ue9s nationaux pour le rendement, a \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9 dans cette \ue9tude. Les essais ont \ue9t\ue9 analys\ue9s dans un cadre de mod\ue8le mixte lin\ue9aire. Ensuite, on a ajust\ue9 un mod\ue8le en une \ue9tape pour les donn\ue9es MET, y compris un processus spatial corr\ue9l\ue9 pour la tendance de terrain dans chaque essai, et combin\ue9 un mod\ue8le d\u2019analyse factorielle (FA) pour une interaction g\ue9notype par environnement. Les corr\ue9lations g\ue9n\ue9tiques de cette analyse MET ont ensuite \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9es pour regrouper les environnements en fonction de leur similarit\ue9. La performance des g\ue9notypes de ces groupes environnementaux indique une adaptation large (Bekoji-2005 et Bekoji-2004) et sp\ue9cifique (Sgonder-2007 et Sgonder-2006) \ue0 certains types d\u2019environnements. En outre, l\u2019analyse de ces donn\ue9es MET historiques a permis de mieux comprendre comment am\ue9liorer la conception du programme de s\ue9lection pour capturer les r\ue9ponses dans la population vis\ue9e d\u2019environnements, car elle peut contribuer \ue0 l\u2019ad\ue9quation du nombre actuel de zones de culture d\u2019orge en \uc9thiopie et \ue0 l\u2019am\ue9lioration de la mesure d\u2018 h\ue9ritabilit\ue9

Study on knowledge, attitude and dog ownership patterns related to rabies prevention and control in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The study was conducted from May 2003 to August 2003 in Addis Ababa with the objective of understanding the distribution of stray and owned dogs, dog ownership patterns and attitudes of people towards rabies and its prevention and control methods. A total of 2390 households were selected from 6 Sub Cities of Addis Ababa using stratified random sampling and were interviewed using structured questionnaires. From the total households interviewed, 969 (40.5%) of them were known to own one or more dogs, and the total number of owned dogs was estimated to be 225,078. Male dogs make up 1042 (78.4%) of the total owned dogs. Almost half of all the dogs 463 (47.8%) were tied only for some time during the day whereas 320 (33.1%) of the dogs were not tied at all and freely move from place to place and contribute to high dog bites in human beings and for the widespread occurrence of canine rabies in Addis Ababa. Six hundred fifty five (67.6%) of the interviewed households who owned dogs had a well fenced house. Most of the owned dogs 856 (88.4%) get their food from their owners and only 321 (33.3%) of the owners reported that they let their dogs to be vaccinated while the majority of the owners 644 (66.5%) do not let their dogs vaccinated regularly. A significant proportion of the interviewed households 2,323 (97.2%), (P < 0.05) indicated that they have the knowledge that dogs, cats and other animals can transmit rabies to humans and 1,752 (73.4%) of the households replied that rabies can be transmitted through bite, scratch and lick to open wounds. Analysis of the list of 2400 post exposure human antirabies treatments recorded at the EHNRI Zoonoses Laboratory from February 2002 to October 2003 showed that the most common animals involved in biting people were dogs. A total of 2198 (91.6%) people were bitten by dogs during the same period and most of them, 2053 (85.5%) were bitten on their hands and legs. All the above data indicated the need for a strong and coordinated rabies control activities to be conducted in the city

Summary of research for development ‘best practice’ technologies validated in the Africa RISING Endamehoni site in Ethiopia, 2013-2016

United States Agency for International Developmen