216 research outputs found
A concept inventory for knowledge base evaluation and continuous curriculum improvement
Students at Polytechnique Montreal have demonstrated the ability to tackle large-scale, complex calculations through their integrative projects. However, high quality engineers must not only master calculations, but the underlying fundamental concepts as well â this level of retention allows them to transfer their knowledge to the new challenges they will face. To ensure this, accreditation criteria for engineering programs in Canada require the evaluation of multiple attributes, the first of which is âa knowledge base for engineeringâ. While most universities opt to evaluate this attribute through in-class grades, we choose to adapt a pedagogical tool (a concept inventory) to formulate an evaluation of our students. Our students are examined using a subset of questions from more than 800 chemical engineering questions, split into 10 subcategories. Data amassed over four years is presented, showing the impact of various improvements to this tool, as well as its use for instructor feedback and curriculum improvement. Key improvements include question revisions and targeted reviews of muddy concepts in the affected courses
Ultrasonication of spray- and freeze-dried cellulose nanocrystals in water
The structural and rheological properties of aqueous suspensions of spray-dried cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were investigated and compared to those of freeze-dried. The cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of wood pulp. Ultrasonication was used to disperse cellulose nanocrystals in Milli-Q water and the power applied during ultrasonication was shown to be the controlling parameter for their dispersion, more than total energy. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed a decrease of the average hydrodynamic diameter down to the same limiting value, i.e. âŒ75âŻnm, for both spray and freeze-dried cellulose nanocrystals. Since the same maximum dispersion state was reached for both CNC types, it indicated that the spray drying process did not limit dispersion, provided that sufficient ultrasonication was provided. Moreover, no desulfation occurred during ultrasonication at ambient temperature. Strong ultrasonication also caused a decrease of intrinsic viscosity, along with an increase in maximum packing concentration. These properties were correlated to agglomerates break-up, which released both ions and water in suspension. The ionic strength increase may lead to a thinner electrostatic double layer surrounding the cellulose nanocrystals, reducing their apparent concentration
The structural amphiphilicity of cellulose nanocrystals characterized from their cohesion parameters
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), usually considered as isotropically polar
nanoparticles, are sheet-like crystalline assemblies of cellulose chains. Here,
we link the anisotropy of the CNC structure to an amphiphilic behavior in
suspension. The Hansen solubility parameters (HSP: ÎŽD; ÎŽP; ÎŽH) of woodbased
H2SO4-hydrolyzed CNCs were measured from sedimentation tests in a
wide set of 59 solvents and binary mixtures. Two sets of cohesion parameters
corresponding to a polar surface (18.1; 20.4; 15.3) ± (0.5; 0.5; 0.4) MPa1/2
and to a mildly non-polar one (17.4; 4.8; 6.5) ± (0.3; 0.5; 0.6) MPa1/2 were
determined, with respective solubility radii of 7.8 and 2.1MPa1/2. The polar
sphere is thought to correspond to the (110)&(110) surfaces of cellulose
IÎČ nanocrystals, while the smaller non-polar sphere is coherent with the exposure
of (200) surfaces. The HSP graph provides new insights on the amphiphilic
nature of CNCs and a mapping of their chemical affnity for solvents
and polymer matrices
VUV Photodeposition of Thiol-Terminated Films: A Wavelength-Dependent Study
Photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) has become attractive for selective and specific surface functionalization, because it relies on a single energy source, the photons, to carry out (photo-) chemistry. In the present wavelength (λ)-dependent study, thiol (SH)-terminated thin film deposits have been prepared from gas mixtures of acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) via PICVD using four different vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) sources, namely, KrL (λpeak = 123.6 nm), XeL (λpeak = 147.0 nm), XeE (λpeak = 172.0 nm), and Hg (λ = 184.9 nm) lamps. Different λ influence the deposition kinetics and film composition, reflecting that photolytic reactions are governed by the gasesâ absorption coefficients, k(λ). Thiol concentrations, [SH], up to âŒ7.7%, were obtained with the XeL source, the highest reported in the literature so far. Furthermore, all films showed islandlike surface morphology, regardless of λ
Polyethylene glycol and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels treated with photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition
RĂ©sumĂ©: La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© conçue en vue de dĂ©terminer si une modification de la surface par PICVD (dĂ©pĂŽt chimique en phase vapeur photo-initiĂ©) a une incidence diffĂ©rente sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s physicochimiques du polyĂ©thylĂšneglycol (PEG) que sur celles du polyvinylalcool (PVA), Ă©tant donnĂ© leur structure et leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s chimiques diffĂ©rentes. Les mesures de lâangle de contact ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une augmentation de lâhydrophobicitĂ© de la surface des deux polymĂšres aprĂšs un traitement par PICVD. De plus, lâaccroissement de lâhydrophobicitĂ© a facilitĂ© la dispersion dans les solvants non polaires. Les changements chimiques Ă©taient concentrĂ©s prĂšs de la surface, comme en tĂ©moignent les mesures de spectroscopie infrarouge Ă transformĂ©e de Fourier (FTIR) et de spectroscopie de photoĂ©lectrons X (XPS), qui indiquent notamment quâune oxydation partielle se produit au cours du traitement. Nous discutons de ces rĂ©sultats du point de vue des diffĂ©rences entre les structures molĂ©culaires du PEG et du PVA, lesquelles modulent la fonctionnalisation et lâhydrophobicitĂ© de leur surface. ---------- Abstract: This study was designed to determine if surface modification via photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) affects the physicochemical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) differently, given their different chemical structures and properties. Contact angle measurements showed that both polymers increase in surface hydrophobicity after PICVD treatment. Further, the improved hydrophobicity facilitated dispersion into nonpolar solvents. Chemical changes were concentrated near the surface, evidenced by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, indicating namely that partial oxidation occurs during treatment. These findings were discussed in the context of the difference of the molecular structures of PEG and PVA, which, in turn, control their surface functionalization and hydrophobicity
Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition as a scalable particle functionalization technology (a practical review)
ABSTRACT: Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and its variants, is a more viable technology than the addition of surface active agents to modify nanoparticle surfaces. While thermally-activated CVD simply works by initiating the monomers using heat, some other techniques are more powerful and versatile. Indeed, higher energy CVD methods open up possibilities to a wider range of monomers. Unfortunately, different terminologies and classifications due to parallel work have led to confusion. This paper presents and explains the different techniques as well as their equivalent terminologies to clarify the big picture. While the demand for functionalized nanoparticles grows rapidly, current functionalization methods are still too expensive for most applications. This paper is intended to be a practical review of the gas phase methods available in order to identify a potential candidate for large scale functionalization of nanoparticles. This study identifies photo-initiated CVD (PICVD) as an ideal solution for scalable particle functionalization technology
Resistance welding of thermoplastic composites with a nanocomposite heating element
In this study, we propose a new heating element (HE) for the resistance welding of thermoplastic composites. This HE is made of polyetherimide (PEI), rendered electrically conductive by the addition of 10% wt. multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (conductivity of 0.79âŻSâŻcm-1). The new HE was successfully used to weld carbon fibre/poly (ether ketone) (CF/PEEK) laminates in a single lap shear configuration, leading to a lap shear strength of up to 19.6âŻMPa. Observations of the fracture surfaces revealed a cohesive failure mode within the nanocomposite HE and non-uniform heating over the weld area. It is believed that PEI/MWCNT HE present an interesting alternative to current HE, although more work is needed to improve the temperature homogeneity over the weld area
The apparent structural hydrophobicity of cellulose nanocrystals
The Teas graph of wood-based sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was plotted
based on sedimentation tests in a set of 25 common solvents. Comparisons with those of sucrose and dextran,
taken as equivalents for cellobiose (cellulose repeating unit) and amorphous cellulose, respectively, highlighted
the amphiphilic nature of CNCs. In the absence of any chemical arguments, the hydrophobic behavior displayed
is thought to be caused by the exposition of (200) lattice planes at the CNC surface. This apparent structural
hydrophobicity may be exploited to achieve the dispersion of CNCs in some mildly-non polar matrices such as
poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(lactic acid). The Teas graph is a useful tool to predict the dispersibility potential
of CNCs and to select a proper solvent for nanocomposite preparatio
Tailoring cellulose nanocrystals rheological behavior in aqueous suspensions through surface functionalization with polyethyleneimine
The present paper reports the surface modification of commercially available cellulose nanocrystals
(CNCs) using polyethyleneimine (PEI) by means of non-covalent electrostatic interaction between the
negatively charged sulfate groups of CNCs and positively charged amine functionalities of PEI. The
modification, carried out in an aqueous medium, results in a stable CNC-PEI suspension with no phase
separation that exhibit interesting rheological behavior due to bridging-type inter-particle interactions.
The Newtonian 3% (w/w) CNC suspension evolves into a non-Newtonian gel system after
modification with PEI with a consequent increase of almost three decades in complex viscosity. Preshearing
of the 3% (w/w) CNC-PEI suspension resulted in the loss of the linear viscoelastic properties
with increasing shear rate, as would be expected from the breaking of the inter-particle network.
However, the system gradually re-established the inter-particle network in less than an hour to give the
original rheological parameters. The effect of PEI on the rheological properties was attributed to the
physical adsorption of PEI chains on the CNC particles, examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS),
zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, and isothermal adsorption
studies. The modified CNC-PEI particles did not show any significant change in the particle
morphology compared to the unmodified CNCs, as observed from transmission electron microscope
(TEM) images
Continuous aerosol photopolymerization to coat de-agglomerated nanoparticles
A novel continuous aerosol photopolymerization technique to coat nanoparticles that have been
previously de-agglomerated is presented. After de-agglomeration in a jet-impactor assisted fluidized
bed, monomer vapors are condensed onto the surface of aerosol nanoparticles via heterogeneous
condensation. Photopolymerization is initiated through exposure to UV light. To demonstrate the
process, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were selected as nanoparticle and
organic monomer, respectively. We demonstrated this light-based technique, operated at ambient
pressure and room temperature, is able to graft a PMMA-like film with a thickness of 1.5 nm on the
surface of nanoparticles, confirmed by TEM and FTIR. XPS analysis confirmed formation of covalent
bonds with the TiO2 surface, indicating a surface-initiated photopolymerization. Particle size
measurements in suspension state illustrated the efficiency of the de-agglomeration and subsequent
coating process, as coated particles remained smaller than bare particles. UV-Vis absorbance spectra
show that the coating facilitates dispersion in non-polar solvents. Finally, long-term stability experiment confirmed the suspension stability is enhanced not only because of the reduction of agglomerate sizes,
but also as a result of the carbon coating which improves the interfacial interactions between particleparticle
and particle-solvent. This technique can be easily combined with any continuous inorganic
nanoparticle synthesis processes as a solvent-free post-synthesis process to impart a functional coating
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