Oligosaccharides in Milk: Their Benefits and Future Utilization

The percentage of carbohydrate in the milk/colostrum of the mammalian is range from trace to over 10%, of which disaccharide lactose (Gal(β1-4)Glc) is usually constitutes the major part. Apart from the lactose (Gal(β1-4)Glc; Gal, D-galactose; Glc, D-glucose), the rest of carbohydrate components is composed of variety of sugars, commonly named as milk oligosaccharides. Human mature milk and colostrum contain 12 ~ 13 g/l and 22 ~ 24 g/l of oligosaccharides, respectively. In contrast, bovine colostrum contains more than 1 g/l oligosaccharides and this concentration rapidly decreases after 48 hr post partum. Most of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are resistant to digestion and absorption within the small intestine. Therefore they can reach the infant colon, where they can act as prebiotics that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as various species of Bifidobacterium. They can also act as receptor analogues that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the infant's colonic mucosa. A small part of the milk oligosaccharides is absorbed intact into the circulation and it has been hypothesized that these may act as immunomodulators. Generally, the bovine milk oligosaccharides are believed not to be absorbed by human adults or infants, thus making them available to be utilized as prebiotics or anti-infection materials. The colostrum of cows and other domestic farm animals is a potential source of free oligosaccharides, and oligosaccharides isolated from these natural sources can be utilized as functional foods or animal feedstuffs on the industrial scale

Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Supplemented with Roselle During Cold Storage

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality (physical, chemical, microbiological characteristics), total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) inhibition assay of probiotic yogurt supplemented with roselle flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) during cold storage. The experiment used treatment for types of yogurt as follows: cow's milk probiotic yogurt + roselle, goat's milk probiotic yogurt + roselle, cow's milk yogurt, and goat's milk yogurt. The yogurt was stored in cold storage and evaluated the quality and antioxidant activity variables on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15th. The results showed that there were interaction (P<0.05) between types of yogurt and storage time on pH value and total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), but no interaction effect on viscosity. The types of yogurt significantly affected (P<0.05) aw, total titrable acid (TTA), total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Cow's milk probiotic yogurt + roselle and goat's milk probiotic yogurt + roselle were the best yogurt that contributed to a good quality and high antioxidant activity up to 15 d at cold storage

Kajian Yuridis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Lembaga Penyiaran Televisi yang Menyiarkan Pornografi dan Pornoaksi

Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis membahas mengenai Kajian Yuridis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Lembaga Penyiaran televisi yang menyiarakan pornografi dan pornoaksi. Hal ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya isi siaran yang disiarkan oleh lembaga penyiaran yang memuat pornografi dan pengaruh isi siaran terhadap masyarakat, khususnya anak berusia dibawah umur yang menontonnya.Untuk mengetahui pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap lembaga penyiaran televisi yang menyiarkan pornografi di masa sekarang dan di masa mendatang , Jenis penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Menggunakan metode pendekatan kasus (Case Approach) dan pendekatan Perundang-undangan (Statue Approach). Bahan hukum yang dipergunakan antara lain bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan Perundang-undangan dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa jurnal, karya tulis ilmiah, naskah akademik. Teknik analisis bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah analisis isi secara kualitatif .Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka diperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan pertama bahwa Lembaga Penyiaran dapat dikenai sanksi pidana apabila menyiarkan pornografi. Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang pertanggungjawaban pidana lembaga penyiaran yang menyiarkan pornografi, antara lain UU nomor 32 tahun 2002 tentang Penyiaran, UU nomor 11 tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, dan UU nomor 44 tahun 2008 mengenai Pornografi. Sehingga pengaturan pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi lembaga penyiaran televisi yang menyiarkan pornografi di masa mendatang harus menyesuaikan karakteristik tindak pidana pornografi dan bertujuan melemahkan korporasi atau badan hukum lembaga penyiaran televisi tersebut

Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Dangke and Indonesian Beef as Hypocholesterolaemic Agent

Lactobacillus fermentum strains were successfully isolated from dangke which was a fresh cheese-like product originating from Enrekang, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In addition, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophillus were isolated from beef. This study aimed to investigate the ability of those 8 LAB strains from dangke and beef in lowering cholesterol level by using in vitro study. Strain of Lactic acid bacteria used were L. fermentum strains (A323L, B111K, B323K, C113L, C212L), L. plantarum strains (IIA-1A5 and IIA-2C12), and L. acidophillus IIA-2B4. Variables observed were identification of Bile Salt Hydrolase (BSH) gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), BSH activity and cholesterol assimilation. Phylogenetic tree indicated homology of L. plantarum IIA-IA5 was 98% to BSH gene of L. plantarum Lp529 with access code of FJ439771 and FJ439775 obtained from GenBank. The results demonstrated that eight strains of LAB isolated from dangke and beef that potentially showed cholesterol-lowering effects were L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5. L. fermentum B111K was able to assimilate cholesterol by 4.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.13 mg in 1010 cells. In addition, L. plantarum IIA-1A5 had BSH gene and BSH activity, as well as the ability to assimilate cholesterol by 8.10% with assimilated cholesterol of 0.06 mg in 1010 cells. It is concluded that L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5 were strains that showed cholesterol-lowering effects

Oligosaccharides in Milk: Their Benefits and Future Utilization

The percentage of carbohydrate in the milk/colostrum of the mammalian is range from trace to over 10%, of which disaccharide lactose (Gal(β1-4)Glc) is usually constitutes the major part. Apart from the lactose (Gal(β1-4)Glc; Gal, D-galactose; Glc, D-glucose), the rest of carbohydrate components is composed of variety of sugars, commonly named as milk oligosaccharides. Human mature milk and colostrum contain 12 ~ 13 g/l and 22 ~ 24 g/l of oligosaccharides, respectively. In contrast, bovine colostrum contains more than 1 g/l oligosaccharides and this concentration rapidly decreases after 48 hr post partum. Most of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are resistant to digestion and absorption within the small intestine. Therefore they can reach the infant colon, where they can act as prebiotics that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as various species of Bifidobacterium. They can also act as receptor analogues that inhibit the attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to the infant's colonic mucosa. A small part of the milk oligosaccharides is absorbed intact into the circulation and it has been hypothesized that these may act as immunomodulators. Generally, the bovine milk oligosaccharides are believed not to be absorbed by human adults or infants, thus making them available to be utilized as prebiotics or anti-infection materials. The colostrum of cows and other domestic farm animals is a potential source of free oligosaccharides, and oligosaccharides isolated from these natural sources can be utilized as functional foods or animal feedstuffs on the industrial scale

Pengelolaan Piutang Perusahaan Sub-sektor Perkebunan di Indonesia

This study aims to determine the management of accounts receivable in some of the plantation sub-sector companies and determine the position of the company by using the SWOT analysis and the BCG matrix. The sampling method uses is purposive sampling method. Based on sampling criteria, the samples were subjected to experiments are PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk, BW Plantation Tbk, PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk, PT Sampoerna Agro Tbk, Salim Ivomas Pratama Tbk, and Bakrie Sumatera Plantations Tbk. This research uses a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Analysis of the data used is the accounts receivable ratio analysis. The ratio of receivables consist of accounts receivable turnover rate, the average amount of accounts receivable, and accounts receivable average collection. Each company SWOT analysis and the BCG matrix. The results showed that the average turnover rate of receivables PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk is the fastest. Average accounts receivable collection BW Plantation Tbk is the fastest. The average amount of receivables Salim Ivomas Pratama Tbk is the greatest. BCG matrix results demonstrate that SIMP is a company with a market share position is relatively the most

The Critical Role of G-20 in Dealing with the 2008 Global Financial Crisis

Strategi G-20 dalam mengatasi krisis keuangan telah dinyatakan pada kesepakatan KTT G-20 2008-2009 dengan adanya tiga pertemuan selama periode tersebut berlangsung (Washington, London dan Pittsburgh). Bersama dengan beberapa lembaga termasuk IMF, WB, FSB, OECD dan MDB, G-20 mampu menangani krisis tersebut baik di tingkat nasional maupun Internasional. Pada saat yang bersamaan G-20 pun mampu mempertahankan koordinasi berdasarkan lima prinsip yang disepakati dalam KTT 2008 di Washington. Tulisan ini berfokus pada kontribusi G-20 sebagai alat koordinasi sekaligus aktor langsung dalam manajemen krisis, serta menyoroti peran negara-negara anggotanya. Deskripsi masalah ini akan dibagi menjadi empat bagian. Pertama, pandangan singkat tentang tujuan pembentukan G-20 dan penyebab krisis sebagai latar belakang tulisan ini; Kedua, kontribusi G-20 untuk penyelesaian krisis keuangan global; Ketiga, deskripsi hasil dari tiga kesepakatan G-20 (komunike) pada tahun 2008-2009 sebagai dasar dari strategi penanganan krisis keuangan global untuk G-20 dan lembaga Internasional terkait; dan Keempat merupakan bagian analisis strategi G-20 yang kemudian menghasilkan prinsip-prinsip dasar manajemen krisis pada masalah yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini.The G-20 strategy in overcoming the financial crisis has been declared on the agreement of 2008-2009 G-20 Summit with three meetings over that period (Washington, London and Pittsburgh). In handling the crisis, the G-20 was in collaboration with several institutions including the IMF, WB, FSB, OECD and MDB. G-20 was able to make good efforts both nationally and Internationally while maintaining coordination based on five principles agreed in 2008 Summit in Washington. This paper focuses on the contribution of the G-20, both as a coordinating tool, as a direct actor on crisis management, as well as the role of member countries. The description of these issues will be divided into four sections, First, a brief look at the purpose of the G-20\u27s establishment and the causes of the crisis as the background of this paper; Second, the G-20\u27s contribution to the settlement of the global financial crisis; Third, a description of three outcomes of the G-20 (communiqués) agreement in 2008-2009 as the foundation of the global financial crisis handling strategy for both G-20 and related International institutions; and Fourth, the analytical part of the G-20 strategy which then produced the basic principles of crisis management on the problems in this study

Penerapan QR Code untuk Sistem Absensi Siswa SMP Berbasis Web

QR Code is a type of two-dimensional bar code in the form developed by Denso Wave, a division of Denso Co. Corporation, a Perudahaan in Japan, which was published in 1994. Barcode is a symbol marking the real object made of sticks pattern of black and white in order manage computer is easy to recognize a good student attendance data is needed to be able to provide ease in generating student attendance data and is one of the important factors in managing a good attendance data. Management of student attendance by using a QR Code-based Web is an application that will be built in "SMP Negeri 11 of Sukabumi" because attendance is still used is conventional systems, such as pengabsensian with books attendance and report absences still slow, so it can hinder time , to overcome the above problems, the authors propose a way of solving that is the making of a computer application which is expected with this system can reduce and minimize errors and problems that occur. QR Code is a type of two-dimensional bar code in the form developed by Denso Wave, a division of Denso Co. Corporation, a Perudahaan in Japan, which was published in 1994. Barcode is a symbol marking the real object made of sticks pattern of black and white in order manage computer is easy to recognize a good student attendance data is needed to be able to provide ease in generating student attendance data and is one of the important factors in managing a good attendance data. Management of student attendance by using a QR Code-based Web is an application that will be built in "SMP Negeri 11 of Sukabumi" because attendance is still used is conventional systems, such as pengabsensian with books attendance and report absences still slow, so it can hinder time , to overcome the above problems, the authors propose a way of solving that is the making of a computer application which is expected with this system can reduce and minimize errors and problems that occur