Reliability of Various Size Oxide Aperture VCSELs,"

Abstract This paper presents Honeywell's most recent work on 850-nm oxide aperture vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) reliability. The VCSELs studied have a range of aperture diameters from about 5 to 20 µm and the reliability effect of aperture diameter is of principal interest in this paper. Larger apertures generally exhibit greater reliability. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity thresholds of the various oxide aperture VCSELs is discussed, again showing dependence on diameter, with larger being better. Results for humidity exposure are presented. Here we find no aperture size dependence, because none of the tested designs show significant susceptibility to humidity-induced degradation. It is demonstrated that, in addition to end-of-life degradation, VCSELs generally exhibit variation of performance characteristics during the early part of operating life. This often leads to a requirement for device burn-in. Honeywell's work in the area of wafer stabilization (trademarked under the name STABILAZE, patent pending) is introduced, showing how critical device parameters such as threshold and slope efficiency can be made to be unvarying over the product's life without the need for costly component or module-level burnins

A plot twist: the continuing story of VCSELs at AOC

ABSTRACT During a year of substantial consolidation in the VCSEL industry, Honeywell sold their VCSEL Optical Products Division, which has now officially changed its name to Advanced Optical Components (AOC). Both manufacture and applied research continue, however. Some of the developments of the past year are discussed in this paper. They include advances in the understanding of VCSEL degradation physics, substantial improvements in long-wavelength VCSEL performance, and continuing progress in manufacturing technology. In addition, higher speed serial communications products, at 10 gigabits and particularly at 4 gigabits per second, have shown faster than predicted growth. We place these technologies and AOC's approach to them in a market perspective, along with other emerging applications

Reach Extension and Capacity Enhancement of VCSEL-Based Transmission Over Single-Lane MMF Links

This paper reviews and examines several techniques for expanding the carrying capacity of multimode fiber (MMF) using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The first approach utilizes short wavelength division multiplexing in combination with MMF optimized for operation between 850 and 950 nm. Both nonreturn to zero (NRZ) and four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signaling are measured and demonstrate up to 170-Gb/s postforward error correction transmission over 300 m. For single wavelength transmission, the use of selective modal launch to increase the optical bandwidth of a standard OM3 MMF to more than 2.1 GHzkm for standard MMF is presented. A statistical model is used to predict the bandwidth enhancement of installed MMF and indicates that significant link extension can be achieved using selective modal launch techniques. These results demonstrate the continued effectiveness of VCSEL-based MMF links in current and future data center environments

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Dynamics of Active Mode Locking in Broad-Band Continuous Wave Lasers

Theoretical analysis for the dynamics of mode locking in an AM mode-locked broad-band tunable solid-state laser is presented. The analysis is appiied to study the pulse evolution inside the AM mode-locked Ti:$AI_20_3$ laser. It is shown that the pulsewidth reaches a steady-state value after about 77 500 round-trips inside the laser cavity which corre- sponds to 258 $_\mu$s. An expression for the threshold condition for the mode-locking process is presented. The analysis yields the design parameters required for building an AM mode-locked laser