Security and Innocence under CERCLA: The Battle against Confusion

This article analyzes the confusion which has surrounded CERCLA\u27s secured creditor exemption and innocent landowner defense. This confusion is primarily centered on the phrases participation in management as used in the security interest exemption, and all appropriate inquiry as used in the innocent landowner defense. These phrases are undefined by CERCLA, and the case law has provided conflicting interpretations. As a result of this uncertainty, no clear guidelines exist by which environmentally diligent real estate lenders and purchasers can insulate themselves from potential CERCLA liability. The author, however, notes that recent regulatory and private sector activity marks a trend toward clarifying the defenses. The article reviews proposed legislation and regulations defining the terms of the defenses, and discusses the policy implications of the proposed schemes. It is also noted that industry standards for conducting property transfer environmental audits are developing, providing meaning for the phrase all appropriate inquiry. The article concludes that as the statutory defenses are maturing confusion is subsiding, and that new regulations and the emergence of industry standards should provide guidelines within which truly innocent lenders and purchasers can operate in the future without the unreasonable fear of CERCLA

Developing an optical backscatter method for determining casein micelle particle size in heated milk

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICA plethora of different factors, such as heat treatment, pH, soluble calcium and phosphate concentrations, colloidal calcium phosphate, ionic strength, redox potential, etc., affect functionally of critical milk components such as casein micelles, fat globules and whey proteins. These physicochemical changes induce fat- or protein-protein interactions that would be associated to changes in particle size that might be revealed using light backscatter measurements. We hypothesized that inline, simple, low-cost light backscatter measurements might have the potential to provide functionally related information, representing an interesting opportunity for process control. Casein micelle particle size and near infrared light backscatter spectra were measured in milks heat treated at 80 and 90 °C and pH 6.3, 6.7 and 7.1 in order to obtain prediction models for estimating changes in casein micelle particle size during milk heat treatment. Light intensity was measured over a spectral range of 200-1100 nm using a simple optical backscatter sensor and was implemented into models for particle size predictions as a function of heat treatment temperature and pH. Models which included an exponential factor containing a ratio of two specific wavebands were found to improve R when compared to single wavelength models. The best model exhibited an R of 0.993 and SEP of 2.36 nm. The developed prediction models show promise for in-line monitoring of whey protein denaturation and casein micelle particle size

Impact of heat treatment and acid gelation on polyphenol enriched milk samples

The effects of heat treatment and the stage of polyphenol addition to milk before or after heat treatment on the total phenolic content (TPC), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), pH, casein micelle size (CMS) and whey protein denaturation content of milk-polyphenol mixtures were investigated. Four sources of phenolic compounds (green tea, white grape, tannic acid, gallic acid) were incorporated into pasteurized-skim milk. A heat treatment (85 °C for 30 min) was applied to pasteurized-skim milk either before (MhP) or after polyphenols addition (MhPh). Acid milk gels were produced using MhPh samples, and their TPC and FRAP were determined. Heat treatment decreased the TPC and FRAP values of the samples, except for tannic acid, probably due to increased polyphenol-protein interactions. However, MhPh tannic acid sample resulted in significantly higher FRAP value than MhP. The addition of gallic acid before heat treatment (MhPh) significantly increased CMS due to the lower pH of this sample during heating. Acid gelation decreased the extractable polyphenols, however there was no significant different on FRAP between acid gel and MhPh milk samples. This study showed that the properties of phenolic source, particularly pH, and the stage of polyphenol addition to milk had an impact on selected properties

Porozumění umění:

In this bachelor’s thesis, my goal has been to pursue a more complete understanding of art. To do so, I start by introducing the disciplines of Philosophy of Art and Sociology of Art separately, followed by an investigation of how they have historically interacted with each other, guided by the book “Aesthetics and Sociology of Art” by sociologist Janet Wolff. After this first part, I proceed to present my view on the matter. Following the same line of questions which guided me throughout my studies, I begin with how we can identify and understand art around us. This leads me to explain the premise that art is a label, discuss my opinions, and highlight the questions which arise from the validation of an instinct I’d had from my first year at FAMU. By means of personal pragmatic observation, I then argue my opinions related to the phenomenon we call art. This exploration concludes with the defense of the multidisciplinary approaches to questions related to human experience with an emphasis on the relative aspect of art. Though ultimately incapable of forming a definitive answer for the question I pose at the beginning of this thesis, I acknowledge that we all have our own individual experience of art. Through the process and research dedicated to the creation of this academic paper, I have developed the tools to better understand my own experience