Active control of a plasmonic metamaterial for quantum state engineering

We experimentally demonstrate the active control of a plasmonic metamaterial operating in the quantum regime. A two-dimensional metamaterial consisting of unit cells made from gold nanorods is investigated. Using an external laser we control the temperature of the metamaterial and carry out quantum process tomography on single-photon polarization-encoded qubits sent through, characterizing the metamaterial as a variable quantum channel. The overall polarization response can be tuned by up to 33% for particular nanorod dimensions. To explain the results, we develop a theoretical model and find that the experimental results match the predicted behavior well. This work goes beyond the use of simple passive quantum plasmonic systems and shows that external control of plasmonic elements enables a flexible device that can be used for quantum state engineering.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

PRELP secreted from mural cells protects the function of blood brain barrier through regulation of endothelial cell-cell integrity

INTRODUCTION: Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP), is a small secreted proteoglycan expressed by pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding the brain vasculature of adult mouse. METHODS: We utilised a Prelp knockout (Prelp−/−) mouse model to interrogate vasculature integrity in the brain alongside performing in vitro assays to characterise PRELP application to endothelial cells lines. Our findings were supplemented with RNA expression profiling to elucidate the mechanism of how PRELP maintains neurovasculature function. RESULTS: Prelp−/− mice presented with neuroinflammation and reducedneurovasculature integrity, resulting in IgG and dextran leakage in the cerebellum and cortex. Histological analysis of Prelp−/− mice revealed reducedcell-cell integrity of the blood brain barrier, capillary attachment of pericytes andastrocyte end-feet. RNA-sequencing analysis found that cell-cell adhesion andinflammation are affected in Prelp−/− mice and gene ontology analysis as well as gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that inflammation related processes and adhesion related processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apical junctions were significantly affected, suggesting PRELP is a regulator of cell-cell adhesion. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that adhesion junction protein expression levels of cadherin, claudin-5, and ZO-1, was suppressed in Prelp−/− mice neurovasculature. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that PRELP application to endothelial cells enhances cell-cell integrity, induces mesenchymal-endothelial transition and inhibits TGF-β mediated damage to cell-cell adhesion. DISCUSSION: Our study indicates that PRELP is a novel endogenous secreted regulator of neurovasculature integrity and that PRELP application may be a potential treatment for diseases associated with neurovascular damage

Path Selection for Quantum Repeater Networks

Quantum networks will support long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) and distributed quantum computation, and are an active area of both experimental and theoretical research. Here, we present an analysis of topologically complex networks of quantum repeaters composed of heterogeneous links. Quantum networks have fundamental behavioral differences from classical networks; the delicacy of quantum states makes a practical path selection algorithm imperative, but classical notions of resource utilization are not directly applicable, rendering known path selection mechanisms inadequate. To adapt Dijkstra's algorithm for quantum repeater networks that generate entangled Bell pairs, we quantify the key differences and define a link cost metric, seconds per Bell pair of a particular fidelity, where a single Bell pair is the resource consumed to perform one quantum teleportation. Simulations that include both the physical interactions and the extensive classical messaging confirm that Dijkstra's algorithm works well in a quantum context. Simulating about three hundred heterogeneous paths, comparing our path cost and the total work along the path gives a coefficient of determination of 0.88 or better.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

Comparative study of alternative Geant4 hadronic ion inelastic physics models for prediction of positron-emitting radionuclide production in carbon and oxygen ion therapy

© 2019 Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, ANSTO.. The distribution of fragmentation products predicted by Monte Carlo simulations of heavy ion therapy depend on the hadronic physics model chosen in the simulation. This work aims to evaluate three alternative hadronic inelastic fragmentation physics options available in the Geant4 Monte Carlo radiation physics simulation framework to determine which model most accurately predicts the production of positron-emitting fragmentation products observable using in-beam PET imaging. Fragment distributions obtained with the BIC, QMD, and INCL + + physics models in Geant4 version 10.2.p03 are compared to experimental data obtained at the HIMAC heavy-ion treatment facility at NIRS in Chiba, Japan. For both simulations and experiments, monoenergetic beams are applied to three different block phantoms composed of gelatin, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene. The yields of the positron-emitting nuclei 11C, 10C and 15O obtained from simulations conducted with each model are compared to the experimental yields estimated by fitting a multi-exponential radioactive decay model to dynamic PET images using the normalised mean square error metric in the entrance, build up/Bragg peak and tail regions. Significant differences in positron-emitting fragment yield are observed among the three physics models with the best overall fit to experimental 12C and 16O beam measurements obtained with the BIC physics model

Alkaline activation of ceramic waste materials

Ceramic materials represent around 45 % of construction and demolition waste, and originate not only from the building process, but also as rejected bricks and tiles from industry. Despite the fact that these wastes are mostly used as road sub-base or construction backfill materials, they can also be employed as supplementary cementitious materials, or even as raw material for alkali-activated binders This research aimed to investigate the properties and microstructure of alkali-activated cement pastes and mortars produced from ceramic waste materials of various origins. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used to prepare the activating solution. The compressive strength of the developed mortars ranged between 22 and 41 MPa after 7 days of curing at 65 C, depending on the sodium concentration in the solution and the water/binder ratio. These results demonstrate the possibility of using alkaliactivated ceramic materials in building applications.The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for supporting this study through Project GEOCEDEM BIA 2011-26947, and also to FEDER funding. They also thank Universitat Jaume I for supporting this research through Lucia Reig's granted research stay.Reig Cerdá, L.; Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Soriano, L.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ. (2013). Alkaline activation of ceramic waste materials. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 4:729-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9197-zS7297364Puertas, F., García-Díaz, I., Barba, A., Gazulla, M.F., Palacios, M., Gómez, M.P., Martínez-Ramírez, S.: Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for Portland cement clinker production. Cement Concrete Comp. 30(9), 798–805 (2008)Ministerio de Fomento de España, Catálogo de Residuos Utilizables en Construcción (2010). http://www.cedexmateriales.vsf.es/view/catalogo.aspx . Retrieved on 6 Dec 2012Stock, D.: World production and consumption of ceramic tiles. Tile Today 73, 50–58 (2011)Medina, C., Juan, A., Frías, M., Sánchez-de-Rojas, M.I., Morán, J.M., Guerra, M.I.: Characterization of concrete made with recycled aggregate from ceramic sanitary ware. Mater. Construcc. 61(304), 533–546 (2011)Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S.: Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 24(5), 832–838 (2010)Lavat, A.E., Trezza, M.A., Poggi, M.: Characterization of ceramic roof tile wastes as pozzolanic admixture. Waste Manage. 29(5), 1666–1674 (2009)Nuran, A., Mevlut, U.: The use of waste ceramic tile in cement production. Cement Concrete Res. 30, 497–499 (2000)Pereira-de-Oliveira, L.A., Castro-Gomes, J.P., Santos, P.M.S.: The potential pozzolanic activity of glass and red-clay ceramic waste as cement mortars components. Constr. Build. Mater. 31, 197–203 (2012)Van Deventer, J.S.J., Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., Brice, D.G.: Chemical research and climate change as drivers in the commercial adoption of alkali activated materials. Waste Biomass Valor. 1, 145–155 (2010)van Deventer, J.S.J., Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., Lukey, G.C.: Reaction mechanisms in the geopolymeric conversion of inorganic waste to useful products. J. Hazard. Mater. A139, 506–513 (2007)Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A., van Deventer, J.S.J.: Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J. Mater. Sci. 42(9), 2917–2993 (2007)Bernal, S.A., Rodríguez, E.D., de Gutiérrez, R.M., Provis, J.L., Delvasto, S.: Activation of metakaolin/slag blends using alkaline solutions based on chemically modified silica fume and rice husk ash. Waste Biomass Valor. 3, 99–108 (2012)Fernández-Jiménez, A., Palomo, A., Criado, M.: Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cement Concrete Res 35, 1204–1209 (2005)Payá, J., Borrachero, M.V., Monzó, J., Soriano, L., Tashima, M.M.: A new geopolymeric binder from hydrated-carbonated cement. Mater. Lett. 74, 223–225 (2012)Kourti, I., Amutha-Rani, D., Deegan, D., Boccaccini, A.R., Cheeseman, C.R.: Production of geopolymers using glass produced from DC plasma treatment of air pollution control (APC) residues. J. Hazard. Mater. 176, 704–709 (2010)Puertas, F., Barba, A., Gazulla, M.F., Gómez, M.P., Palacios, M., Martínez-Ramírez, S.: Residuos cerámicos para su posible uso como materia prima en la fabricación de clínker de cemento Portland: caracterización y activación alcalina. Mater. Construcc. 56(281), 73–84 (2006)Reig, L., Tashima, M.M., Borrachero, M.V., Monzó, J., Payá, J.: Nuevas matrices cementantes generadas por Activación Alcalina de residuos cerámicos. II Simposio Aprovechamiento de residuos agro-industriales como fuente sostenible de materiales de construcción, November 8–9, Valencia, Spain, pp. 199–207 (2010)L. Reig, M.M. Tashima, M.V. Borrachero, J. Monzó, J. Payá: Residuos de ladrillos cerámicos en la producción de conglomerantes activados alcalinamente, I Pro-Africa Conference: Non-conventional Building Materials Based on Agroindustrial Wastes, October 18–19, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, pp. 18–21 (2010)García Ten F.J. Descomposición durante la cocción del carbonato cálcico contenido en el soporte crudo de los azulejos. Tesis de doctorado, Departamento de Ingeniería química, UJI (2005)Baronio, G., Binda, L.: Study of the pozzolanicity of some bricks and clays. Constr. Build. Mater. 11(1), 41–46 (1997)Zanelli, C., Raimondo, M., Guarini, G., Dondi, M.: The vitreous phase of porcelain stoneware: composition, evolution during sintering and physical properties. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 357, 3251–3260 (2011)Carty, W.M., Senapati, U.: Porcelain-raw materials, processing, phase evolution, and mechanical behaviour. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81(1), 3–20 (1998)ASCER, COACV, COPUT, ITC-AICE, WEBER ET BROUTIN – CEMARKSA: Guía Baldosa Guía de la baldosa cerámica. IVE: Conselleria d’Obres Públiques, Urbanisme i Transports, 4ª Ed. Valencia (2003)Khater, H.M.: Effect of calcium on geopolimerization of aluminosilicate wastes. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24, 92–101 (2012)Bondar, D., Lynsdale, C.J., Milestone, N.B., Hassani, N., Ramezanianpour, A.A.: Effect of adding mineral additives to alkali-activated natural pozzolan paste. Constr. Build. Mater. 25, 2906–2910 (2011)Provis, J.L., Harrex, R.M., Bernal, A.S., Duxson, P., van Deventer, J.S.J.: Dilatometry of geopolymers as a means of selecting desirable fly ash sources. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358, 1930–1937 (2012)Duxson, P., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Mallicoat, S.W., Kriven, W.M., van Deventer, J.S.J.: Understanding the relationship between geopolymer composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. Colloid Surf. A 269, 47–58 (2005)Tashima, M.M., Akasaki, J.L., Castaldelli, V.N., Soriano, L., Monzó, J., Payá, J., Borrachero, M.V.: New geopolymeric binder based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC). Mater. Lett. 80, 50–52 (2012)Komnitsas, K., Zaharaki, D., Perdikatsis, V.: Geopolymerisation of low calcium ferronickel slags. J. Mater. 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A Randomized Trial Evaluating Prosaptide™ for HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathies: Use of an Electronic Diary to Record Neuropathic Pain

Objectives: To examine the efficacy and safety of Prosaptide™ (PRO) for the treatment of painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathies (HIV-SN). Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study in participants with sensory neuropathy. Pain modulating therapy was discontinued prior to baseline. Participants were stratified by sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude. Participants were trained to use an electronic diary (ED) to record pain. Setting: Peripheral neuropathies are common complications of HIV infection. The pathogenesis is unknown and currently treatments are restricted to symptomatic measures. We examined PRO against placebo (PBO) for treatment of painful HIV-SN and performed a post-hoc evaluation of an electronic diary (ED) to record HIV-associated neuropathic pain. Participants: Eligible participants included adults with neurologist-confirmed painful HIV-SN.Interventions 2, 4, 8, or 16 mg/d PRO or PBO administered via subcutaneous (SC) injection for six weeks. Neurotoxic antiretroviral drug usage was held constant.Outcome Measures Changes from baseline in the weekly average of evaluable daily random prompts measuring pain using the Gracely pain scale and adverse events. Results: 237 participants were randomized. The study was stopped after a planned futility analysis. There were no between-group differences in the frequency of adverse events or laboratory toxicities. The 6-week mean (sd) Gracely pain scale changes were −0.12 (0.23), −0.24 (0.35), −0.15 (0.32), −0.18 (0.34), and −0.18 (0.32) for the 2, 4, 8, 16 mg, and PBO arms respectively. A similar variability of pain changes recorded using the ED were noted compared to previous trials that used paper collection methods.Conclusions 6-week treatment with PRO was safe but not effective at reducing HIV-associated neuropathic pain. Use of an ED to record neuropathic pain is novel in HIV-SN, resulted in reasonable compliance in recording pain data, but did not decrease the variability of pain scores compared to historical paper collection methods. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials NCT0028637

Electrophysiological features of familial amyloid polyneuropathy in endemic area

The process of deterioration of peripheral nerve function in familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) with amyloidogenic transthyretin (ATTR) Val30Met has not been systematically evaluated hitherto. We performed nerve conduction studies in 69 patients with FAP with ATTR Val30Met from one of the endemic areas in Japan. Sensory conduction velocity (SCV), motor conduction velocity (MCV), the size of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and distal latency (DL) were measured in the ulnar and tibial nerves. SCV was evaluated using the orthodromic method with needle recording electrodes. These electrophysiological parameters were compared with clinical stage of FAP and duration of neuropathy. When subjects noted minimal neuropathic symptoms only in the feet, motor and sensory nerve function in both the hands and feet had already been disturbed. Sensory nerve action potential on the foot disappeared more rapidly than CMAP. CMAP on foot muscle rapidly decreased during the initial 2 years and completely disappeared within 10 years. The duration of illness and deterioration parameters (CMAP of the abductor digiti minimi muscle, MCV and SCV of the ulnar nerve and DL of both ulnar and tibial nerves) were linearly correlated. CMAP was the most sensitive and reliable parameter to evaluate motor nerve degeneration in FAP.</.ArticleAMYLOID-JOURNAL OF PROTEIN FOLDING DISORDERS. 18(1):10-18 (2011)journal articl

Effect of curing time on the microstructure and mechanical strength development of alkali activated binders based on vitreous calcium aluminosilicate (VCAS)

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of curing time on the microstructure and mechanical strength development of alkali activated binders based on vitreous calcium aluminosilicate (VCAS). Mechanical strength of alkali activated mortars cured at 65 °C was assessed for different curing times (4¿168 h) using 10 molal NaOH solution as alkaline activator. Compressive strength values around 77 MPa after three days of curing at 65 °C were obtained. 1·68 MPa/h compressive strength gain rate was observed in the first 12 h, decreasing to 0·95 MPa/h for the period of 12¿72 h. The progress of geopolymeric reaction was monitored by means of TGA and, electrical conductivity and pH measurements in an aqueous suspension. Significant decrease in pH and electrical conductivity were observed in the 4¿72 h period, demonstrating the geopolymerization process. Furthermore, SEM images showed an important amount of (N, C)ASH gel and low porosity of the developed matrix.To the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) of the Spanish Government (BIA2011-26947) and also to FEDER for funding and to Vitrominerals company for supplying VCAS samples.Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Soriano Martínez, L.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ. (2013). Effect of curing time on the microstructure and mechanical strength development of alkali activated binders based on vitreous calcium aluminosilicate (VCAS). Bulletin of Materials Science. 36:245-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-013-0466-zS24524936Bernal S A, Gutiérrez R M, Pedraza A L, Provis J L, Rodriguez E D and Delvasto S 2011 Cem. Concr. Res. 41 1Criado M, Fernández-Jiménez A, Sobrados I, Palomo A and Sanz J 2011 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. avaiable onlineDavidovits J 2008 Geopolymer chemistry and applications Institute Geopolymere, Saint-Quentin, FranceDuxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis J L, Lukey G C, Palomo A and van Deventer J S J 2007 J. Mater. Sci. 47 2917Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A and Criado M 2005 Cem. Concr. Res. 35 1204Hossain A B, Shrazi S A, Persun J and Neithalath N 2008 J. Transp. Res. Board 2070 32Komnitsas K and Zaharaki D 2007 Miner. Eng. 20 1261Lampris C, Lupo R and Cheeseman C R 2009 Waste Manage. 29 368Lin T, Jia D, Wang M, He P and Liang D 2009 Bull. Mater. Sci. 32 77Lloyd R R, Provis J L and van Deventer J S J 2009 J. Mater. Sci. 44 608Marín-López C, Reyes Araiza J L, Manzano-Ramírez A, Rubio Avalos J C, Perez-Bueno J J, Muñiz-Villareal M S, Ventura-Ramos E and Vorobiev Y 2009 Inorg. Mater. 45 1429Najafi Kani E, Allahverdi A and Provis J L 2012 Cem. Concr. Comp. 34 25Neithalath N, Persun J and Hossain A 2009 Cem. Concr. Res. 39 473Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomes J and Jalali S 2008a Constr. Build. Mater. 22 1315Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomex J and Jalali S 2008b Constr. Build. Mater. 22 1201Pacheco-Torgal F, Castro-Gomex J and Jalali S 2008c Constr. Build. Mater. 22 2212Payá J, Borrachero M V, Monzó J, Soriano L and Tashima M M 2012 Mater. Lett. 74 223Puertas F, Martínez-Ramírez S, Alonso S and Vázquez T 2000 Cem. Concr. Res. 30 1625Puertas F, Barba A, Gazulla M F, Gómez M P, Palacios M and Martínez-Ramírez S 2006 Mater. Construc. 56 73Reig L, Tashima M M, Borrachero M V, Monzó J and Payá J 2010 II Simposio aprovechamiento de residuos agro-industriales como fuente sostenible de materiales de construcción p. 83Rodriguez E D, Bernal S A, Provis J, Payá J, Monzó J and Borrachero M V 2012 Cem. Concr. Comp. (submitted)Tashima M M, Borrachero M V, Monzó J, Soriano L and Payá J 2009 COMATCOMP09 p.421Tashima M M, Akasaki J L, Castaldelli V N, Soriano L, Monzó J, Payá J and Borrachero M V 2012 Mater. Lett. 80 50Xu H and van Deventer J S J 2000 Int. J. Miner. Process. 59 247Yao X, Zhang Z, Zhu H and Chen Y 2009 Thermochim. Acta 493 49Zivica V 2004 Bull. Mater. Sci. 27 179Zivica V, Balkovic S and Drabik M 2011 Constr. Build. Mater. 25 220

Mechanism of Neuronal versus Endothelial Cell Uptake of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β Protein

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by significant neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus; intraneuronal tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein; and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins 40 and 42 in the brain parenchyma as well as in the cerebral vasculature. The current understanding that AD is initiated by the neuronal accumulation of Aβ proteins due to their inefficient clearance at the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), places the neurovascular unit at the epicenter of AD pathophysiology. The objective of this study is to investigate cellular mechanisms mediating the internalization of Aβ proteins in the principle constituents of the neurovascular unit, neurons and BBB endothelial cells. Laser confocal micrographs of wild type (WT) mouse brain slices treated with fluorescein labeled Aβ40 (F-Aβ40) demonstrated selective accumulation of the protein in a subpopulation of cortical and hippocampal neurons via nonsaturable, energy independent, and nonendocytotic pathways. This groundbreaking finding, which challenges the conventional belief that Aβ proteins are internalized by neurons via receptor mediated endocytosis, was verified in differentiated PC12 cells and rat primary hippocampal (RPH) neurons through laser confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies. Microscopy studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of F-Aβ40 or F-Aβ42 internalized by differentiated PC12 cells or RPH neurons is located outside of the endosomal or lysosomal compartments, which may accumulate without degradation. In contrast, BBME cells exhibit energy dependent uptake of F-Aβ40, and accumulate the protein in acidic cell organelle, indicative of endocytotic uptake. Such a phenomenal difference in the internalization of Aβ40 between neurons and BBB endothelial cells may provide essential clues to understanding how various cells can differentially regulate Aβ proteins and help explain the vulnerability of cortical and hippocampal neurons to Aβ toxicity

Week 96 efficacy and safety results of the phase 3, randomized EMERALD trial to evaluate switching from boosted-protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to the once daily, single-tablet regimen of darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) in treatment-experienced, virologically-suppressed adults living with HIV-1

Altres ajuts: This study was sponsored by Janssen.Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) 800/150/200/10 mg was investigated through 96 weeks in EMERALD (NCT02269917). Virologically-suppressed, HIV-1-positive treatment-experienced adults (previous non-darunavir virologic failure [VF] allowed) were randomized (2:1) to D/C/F/TAF or boosted protease inhibitor (PI) plus emtricitabine/tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate (F/TDF) over 48 weeks. At week 52 participants in the boosted PI arm were offered switch to D/C/F/TAF (late-switch, 44 weeks D/C/F/TAF exposure). All participants were followed on D/C/F/TAF until week 96. Efficacy endpoints were percentage cumulative protocol-defined virologic rebound (PDVR; confirmed viral load [VL] ≥50 copies/mL) and VL < 50 copies/mL (virologic suppression) and ≥50 copies/mL (VF) (FDA-snapshot analysis). Of 1141 randomized patients, 1080 continued in the extension phase. Few patients had PDVR (D/C/F/TAF: 3.1%, 24/763 cumulative through week 96; late-switch: 2.3%, 8/352 week 52-96). Week 96 virologic suppression was 90.7% (692/763) (D/C/F/TAF) and 93.8% (330/352) (late-switch). VF was 1.2% and 1.7%, respectively. No darunavir, primary PI, tenofovir or emtricitabine resistance-associated mutations were observed post-baseline. No patients discontinued for efficacy-related reasons. Few discontinued due to adverse events (2% D/C/F/TAF arm). Improved renal and bone parameters were maintained in the D/C/F/TAF arm and observed in the late-switch arm, with small increases in total cholesterol/high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio. A study limitation was the lack of a control arm in the week 96 analysis. Through 96 weeks, D/C/F/TAF resulted in low PDVR rates, high virologic suppression rates, very few VFs, and no resistance development. Late-switch results were consistent with D/C/F/TAF week 48 results. EMERALD week 96 results confirm the efficacy, high genetic barrier to resistance and safety benefits of D/C/F/TAF