L’ACQUISITION DU VOCABULAIRE DU FRANÇAIS LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS NIGÉRIANES

Vocabulary acquisition and use are major aspects of foreign language learning. The growth of a learner’s vocabulary depends on his/her ability to acquire new words and phrases. The size of a lexical repertoire thus varies from one individual to another. This study, therefore, examined strategies of vocabulary acquisition among undergraduates learning French as a foreign language in Nigerian universities. A survey descriptive design was adopted for this study. The sample size is made up of 239 students and 25 lecturers randomly selected from a sample frame obtained from the French Language Village, an inter-university centre at Badagry, Lagos State and some universities in Nigeria. Three instruments were used in data collection: Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies Rating Scales (VASRS), Cloze test (vocabulary test) and an interview guide. Items on VASRS were based on Gu and Johnson’s (2003) strategies. Cloze test was used to measure learners’ knowledge of words in different contexts. Four research questions were raised and answered. The findings revealed that six strategies are adopted by learners in acquiring French vocabulary in Nigerian universities. Learners use two or more strategies at the same time. The inferencing/guessing strategies were used by 94.2% of the informants, note-taking strategies by 72.9%, dictionary strategies by 68.4%, activation strategies by 65.8%, retrieval/rehearsal strategies by 64.9% and encoding strategies by 55.6% of the informants. The findings equally revealed that teachers’ attitude and rewards in the form of praise, etc motivate students to acquire French language vocabulary. Among the factors facilitating the acquisition of French vocabulary by students were teachers’ prior knowledge of students’ level of vocabulary before teaching, which was reported by 244 (98.78%) of the informants, keeping glossaries/lists of words indicated by 236 (95.54%) of the participants. 212 (85.82%) informants indicated the ability of the students to discuss vocabulary acquisition outside classroom activities. 208 (84.21%) of the participants cited ability of students to guess the meaning of French vocabulary as a factor facilitating vocabulary acquisition. Students’ drive to communicate in French was indicated by 216 (87.45%) as a factor that facilitates acquisition of French vocabulary; other factors identified were willingness to make mistakes indicated by 188 (76.11%) and using any opportunity to acquire vocabulary indicated by 168 (68.02%). The findings revealed a significant difference between students’ and teachers’ perceptions of the problems students confront in the acquisition of French vocabulary in Nigerian universities. While students cited the learning of grammar and lack of French speakers on campus as well as in the community at large with whom to communicate as problems, lecturers cited crowded timetable and the scarcity of opportunities for students to interact with other French speakers outside the classroom. It was concluded that supporting students in their attempt to acquire French vocabulary should be an important instructional goal throughout the curriculum. It was recommended among others that immersion of students should be done in either French-speaking countries in Africa or in France supplemented by frequent visits/excursions and other short programmes. The government, it is suggested, should also be responsible for part of the expense

É-Kelet Magyarország természeti erőforrásainak kutatása, elsősorban a megújuló energiaforrások potenciáljának felmérésére, az EU csatlakozásból adódó követelmények figyelembe vételével = Research of the Natural Resources of North-East Hungary, with especial Attention given to the Renewable Energy in the light of Hungary`s Accession to the EU

Nehezítette a munkát, hogy a kutatási program négy évében sem volt a Kormánynak energiapolitikai programja, különösen nem a megújuló energiaforrások felhasználására vonatkozóan. (félévente változott a koncepció a szél, a geotermikus energia vagy a biomassza megítélésében.) Végül a megújuló energiákra vonatkozó anyagot a GMK csak 2006. június 07-én hagyta jóvá. Ennek ellenére a kutatási programot, az Északkelet-Magyarországra tervezett munkákat, megítélésem szerint sikerült elvégezni. Számos publikáció, könyv és egyéb javaslat készült. Tervezeteket készítettünk a szélerőmű-parkok területi elhelyezésére - több helyen a meglévő mérési adatok extraponálásával - és legújabb szélatlaszát felhasználva. Itt figyelembe vettük a helyi tapasztalatokat is. A biomasszára vonatkozóan több alternatívát is kidolgoztunk az etanolra valamint a biodízel alapanyagokra. A szalix-félék (fűzfélék) etanol hasznosítására vonatkozóan még mindig folyik a kutatási munka, mivel ennek nagyobb perspektívája van, mint a kukorica, gabona etanol-koncepciónak, főleg azért, mert itt Északkelet-Magyarországon nagy kihasználatlan ártéri területek. (A svédországi gazdaságossági vizsgálatok ezt is igazolják.) A geotermikus kutak hasznosítására vonatkozóan konkrét javaslatokat dolgoztunk ki, amelyek a Megyei Közgyűlés elé is kerültek. Új geotermális kút fúrására is tettünk javaslatot, a Nagykálló-2-es kútra. | The fact that the Government had not had an accepted energy politics in the four years of the research represented further difficulties. This especially true for the renewable energy sources (the conception for the wind, geometric or biomass had been changing in every six months). Finally, the Ministry of Economy and Commerce approved the materials concerning the renewable energy sources on 7th June, 2006. Despite all the problems, the research programme and the planned activities for North-East Hungary were carried out successfully. Numerous publications, books and suggestions were made. Plans were drawn up for regional wind turbine parks with the use of extrapolation of existing data and the newest wind maps. The local experiences here were taken into account. Concerning the biomass, several alternatives were outlined based on ethanol and bio diesel resources. Research is still being carried out for the use of Salix (willows), in the production of ethanol, because there are more possibilities in this field than in corn ethanol production. This is especially true here in North-East Hungary because of the available and underused flood areas (economic studies also indicated their potential in Sweden). Concrete suggestions were made concerning the exploitation of geothermal wells and these were submitted to the County Council for discussion. A new geothermal well - Nagykálló 2 - was suggested to be drilled

Profile Tests to Optimize the Utilization of Wind Energy

We have to know the property of air movement in hub height of wind turbine onunderstanding that we want to utilize of wind power economically. We can calculate wind speed fromnear ground measurement to hub height but always have mistake in results depend on applied method.In Hungary the Hungarian Meteorological Service carried out expedition wind measurements withSODAR equipment to study wind potential of the country within a frame of a scientific competition.We analysed SODAR data from Budapest, Paks and Szeged with statistical method looking for answerto our following question: How can frequency distributions of wind speed and wind direction indifferent height change? Are there any differences in form of wind profiles and in wind power indifferent wind direction sector? How can daily course of wind speed and potential of wind energy indifferent height change? At the same time, we suppose that there is a so-called “inflection altitude,”where the daily course of the wind speed and wind energy is random. We try to determine this altitudeon the basis of tower measurements in Paks. Finally we get an example to the distribution of specificwind power according to parts of the day

A mítosz mint ősi és közös nyelv

Néhány mítoszértelmezés tárgyalása után a tanulmány a mítosz irodalmi művekben való megjelenésének bizonyos elveivel foglalkozik. A mítosz valódi tartalma különböző megközelítésekben jelenhet meg egyegy művész szándékának, illetve értelmezésének megfelelően. Az allegorikus interpretációk rövid áttekintése után két mítosz (Orpheus-Eurydiké, világkorszakok) néhány változatának taglalása következik. A Vergilius műveiben szereplő aranykormítosz kapcsán az a kérdés áll a középpontban, hogy Vergilius vajon új mítoszt teremtett, vagy újraformálta a mítoszt. Ennek értelmezésében az orosz formalisták sujet és fable közti megkülönböztetése nyújt segítséget. Arra a kérdésre, hogy a mítosz művészi megjelenési formája kifejezhető-e szavakkal, Rilke és Hölderlin szavait idézve keres választ az írás