Long Run Trends in Energy-Related External Costs

This paper considers how energy-related external costs change through time. It focuses on one of the key periods in the history of energy. After a period of declining coal prices and soaring consumption which fuelled the Second Industrial Revolution, the nineteenth century British economy was externalising the social costs of energy production and consumption on a massive scale. Rising from 25% in the 1820s, an estimated 60%-70% of the average social costs of coal were externalised in the 1880s, imposing damages close to 20% of GDP. The eventual decline in air pollution concentration (around 1900) occurred fifty years later than was broadly socially optimal. This experience highlights the evolution of the demand for and supply of environmental quality in the context of economic growth, and the nature of related market and government failures, implying the necessity for adaptation rather than encouraging mitigation. This experience may offer lessons for climate analysis and policy-making.External costs; Energy; Coal; Historical; Long Run; Air Pollution; Mining

Quin percentatge de carboni hi ha en una petxina?

En els continguts de química de primer de batxillerat, hi figura la determinació de fórmules empíriques i la composició centesimal d'un compost com a aspectes importants dins el bloc on s'estudia el concepte de quantitat de substància. La determinació del percentatge d'un element en un compost, ja sigui per mètodes d'espectroscòpia o per mètodes més senzills, permet mostrar als estudiants com es pot arribar a obtenir la formula empírica d'un compost. En aquest article, s'hi explica una manera de realitzar un treball pràctic força senzill, però que, presentat com a pràctica d'indagació, pot ajudar a promoure un cert grau de creativitat entre l'alumnat.One of the topics in first year chemistry in high school in Catalonia is the determination of empirical formula and the centesimal composition of a compound. These are important topics in the section where the concept of amount of substance is studied. The determination of the percentage of an element in a compound can be made by spectroscopic methods or by simpler methods to allow the students to understand how they can manage their knowledge to obtain the empirical formula of a compound. In this article, a way to carry out the determination is explained as simple practical work and it is shown that it is possible to present the practical work as an inquiry. This method can help to promote a certain degree of creativity among the students

Ketidaksantunan bahasa sebagai strategi pujukan dalam iklan berbahasa Sepanyol

Makalah ini membincangkan tentang penggunaan ketidaksantunan bahasa sebagai strategi pujukan emosi dalam iklan bercetak. Sebanyak 21 buah iklan bercetak berbahasa Sepanyol yang diambil daripada majalah, surat khabar dan juga internet telah dikaji dan dianalisis mengikut Model Ketidaksantunan (Culpeper, 1996). Hasil kajian mendapati dalam dunia pengiklanan moden, pengiklan tidak lagi bergantung kepada strategi kesantunan bahasa dalam merekacipta sesebuah iklan bagi tujuan menarik perhatian pembeli sasaran. Sebaliknya, strategi ketidaksantunan bahasa yang secara jelas boleh mengancam air muka seseorang juga diguna pakai secara meluas dalam iklan berbahasa Sepanyol. Hasil kajian mendapati strategi ketidaksantunan bahasa dalam iklan boleh menjadi daya penarik untuk mempengaruhi pelanggan sasaran dan menjadi pendorong bagi mencetuskan minat masyarakat untuk membeli barangan yang diiklankan. Strategi ketidaksantunan bahasa yang dapat dikenalpasti dalam iklan komersial adalah seperti menakut-nakutkan pembeli, mengugut secara langsung atau tidak langsung, menyindir serta memasukkan ujaran asertif berunsur negatif. Manakala bagi iklan sosial pula elemen ketidaksantunan yang dapat dikesan, antara lain adalah seperti penggunaan kata ganti nama yang tidak sesuai dan juga sindiran secara langsung

2014 Annual Report July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsannualrpt/1006/thumbnail.jp

An updated report on the incidence and epidemiological trends of keratinocyte cancers in the United Kingdom 2013-2018

Introduction: The most common cancers in the UK are keratinocyte cancers (KCs): the combined term for basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Registration of KC is challenging due to high numbers and multiplicity of tumours per person. Methods: We provide an updated report on the descriptive epidemiology of trends in KC incidence for the resident populations of UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) using population-based cancer registry and pathology report data, 2013-18. Results: Substantial increases in cSCC incidence in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland can be detected for the period of 2013-18, and the incidence of cSCC also increased in Wales from 2016 to 2018. In contrast, however, the pattern of annual change in the incidence of BCC across the nations differs. In England, the incidence of BCC declined slightly from 2016 to 2018, however, the overall trend across 2013-18 is not statistically significant. In Scotland, the incidence of BCC shows some variability, declining in 2017 before increasing in 2018, and the overall trend across 2013-18 was also not statistically significant. In Northern Ireland, the incidence of BCC increased significantly over the study period, and in Wales, the incidence of BCC increased from 2016 to 2018. One in five people will develop non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in their lifetime in England. This estimate is much higher than the lifetime risk of melanoma (1 in 36 males and 1 in 47 females born after 1960 in the UK), which further highlights the burden of the disease and importance of early prevention strategies. Conclusions: We highlight how common these tumours are by publishing the first ever lifetime incidence of NMSC. Additionally, the first time reporting of the age standardised incidence of KC in Wales further confirms the scale of the disease burden posed by these cancers in the UK. With approximately one in five people developing NMSC in their lifetime, optimisation of skin cancer prevention, management and research are essential