An assessment of the election system in Turkey

An assessment of the election system in Turke

BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND CITIZENS: DO WEB SITES MATTER FOR CREATING GOVERNANCE? SOME OBSERVATIONS ON TURKISH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Traditional information and communication technologies (ICTs) were not so successful to bridge the gap between government and citizens even if we were in a “video democracy ” era. But new ICTs begin to serve for bridging the gap between governments and citizens. That is primarily the Internet. Even if we are at an early stage of adopting and shaping ICTs for social and political use, new guiding visions are coming forth as “edemocracy” and “e-government”. All these visions are somewhat a product of the internet. There is a strong link between the quality of democracy and information. The quality of the democratic process is determined by the information infrastructures that takes place in. The successful functioning of any democratic government is dependent upon efficient, multi directional flows of information. There are four categories of direction of information and communication flow; downward, upward, lateral (inward or outward), and interactive. Both citizens and governments need information for many reasons. Citizens need information about their central or local representatives so that they can be evaluated on the basis of their record and so that representative institutions can be transparent in their activities. Representatives within elected assemblies or parliaments need information about the executives ’ policies so that they can pass effective legislation, scrutinize executive functions and hold governments to account if necessary. They also need information from individual citizens an

Nutritional characteristic of children with inflammatory bowel disease in the nationwide inflammatory bowel disease registry from the Mediterranean region

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.Background/objectives: We analyzed the nationwide pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) registry (1998–2016), to evaluate the nutritional status at the time of diagnosis. Subjects/methods: Nine types of nutritional status by the combination of weight-for-length (2 years) and length/height-for-age with three categories (2 SD) were described. Malnutrition was defined by WHO criteria. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for malnutrition. Results: In total, 824 IBD patients (498 Ulcerative colitis (UC); 289 Crohn’s Disease (CD); 37 Indeterminate Colitis (IC); 412 male; the median age 12.5 years) were eligible. The prevalence of eutrophy, wasting/thinness, stunting, overweight, tall stature, concurrent wasting/thinness and stunting, tall stature with overweight, tall stature with wasting/thinness, and short stature with overweight were 67.4%, 14.9%, 6.6%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 1.1%, 0.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition was 32.7%, indicating a higher prevalence in CD (p 10 years), prepubertal stage, severe disease activity, perianal involvement, and high C reactive protein level were independently associated with malnutrition in pediatric IBD. Conclusion: We showed the frequency of nutritional impairment in PIBD. The percentage of overweight subjects was lower than the other studies. The age of onset, disease activity, CRP level, perianal involvement, and pubertal stage were associated with a higher risk for developing malnutrition. Our results also confirmed that CD patients are particularly vulnerable to nutritional impairment. Clinical trial number: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04457518

The Frequency of Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency in Children With Unexplained Liver Disease

Objectives: Evidence suggests that lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is often underdiagnosed because symptoms may be nonspecific. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of LAL-D in children with unexplained liver disease and to identify demographic and clinical features with a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study