The product of the Herpes simplex virus 1 UL7 gene interacts with a mitochondrial protein, adenine nucleotide translocator 2

The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL7 gene is highly conserved among herpesviridae. Since the construction of recombinant HSV-1 with a mutation in the UL7 gene has not been reported, the involvement of HSV-1 UL7 in viral replication has been unclear. In this study, we succeeded in generating a UL7 null HSV-1 mutant virus, MT102, and characterized it. Our results were as follows. (i) In Vero cells, MT102 was replication-competent, but formed smaller plaques and yielded 10- to 100-fold fewer progeny than the wild-type virus, depending on the multiplicity of infection. (ii) Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics technology, we identified a cellular mitochondrial protein, adenine nucleotide translocator 2 (ANT2), as a UL7-interacting partner. (iii) When ANT2 was transiently expressed in COS-7 cells infected with HSV-1, ANT2 was specifically co-precipitated with UL7. (iv) Cell fractionation experiments with HSV-1-infected cells detected the UL7 protein in both the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions, whereas ANT2 was detected only in the mitochondrial fraction. These results indicate the importance of HSV-1 UL7's involvement in viral replication and demonstrate that it interacts with ANT2 in infected cells. The potential biological significance of the interaction between UL7 and ANT2 is discussed

Cultura Popular y Estado en Japón, 1600-1868

Las organizaciones de jóvenes constituyeron uno de los factores básicos para la consolidación y reproducción de las comunidades aldeanas premodernas. A pesar de la dominación política e influencia ideológica bajo el shogunato Tokugawa, el mundo campesino mantuvo cierta autonomía frente al mundo de comerciantes y artesanos. En este libro se examinan las diferentes funciones que estas organizaciones tuvieron en la vida rural y también el proceso de su decadencia bajo los efectos de la economía de mercado y la política de integración del shogunato, que se expresó típicamente en la prohibición de las organizaciones de jóvenes en 1828

Movimientos campesinos en la formación del Japón moderno

Examen de los movimientos campesinos en relación con la decadencia del feudalismo en el campo japonés y con el proceso de formación del Japón moderno

Hemodynamic impact of ephedrine on hypotension during general anesthesia : a prospective cohort study on middle-aged and older patients

Background Ephedrine is a mixed α- and β-agonist vasopressor that is frequently used for the correction of hypotension during general anesthesia. β-responsiveness has been shown to decrease with age; therefore, this study aimed to determine whether aging would reduce the pressor effect of ephedrine on hypotension during general anesthesia. Methods Seventy-five patients aged ≥ 45 years were included in this study, with 25 patients allocated to each of the three age groups: 45–64 years, 65–74 years, and ≥ 75 years. All patients received propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium for the induction of general anesthesia, followed by desflurane and remifentanil. Cardiac output (CO) was estimated using esCCO technology. Ephedrine (0.1 mg/kg) was administered for the correction of hypotension. The primary and secondary outcome measures were changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CO, respectively, at 5 min after the administration of ephedrine. Results The administration of ephedrine significantly increased MAP (p < 0.001, mean difference: 8.34 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.95–10.75] mmHg) and CO (p < 0.001, mean difference: 7.43 [95% CI, 5.20–9.65] %) across all groups. However, analysis of variance revealed that the degree of elevation of MAP (F [2, 72] = 0.546, p = 0.581, η2 = 0.015 [95% CI, 0.000–0.089]) and CO (F [2, 72] = 2.023, p = 0.140, η2 = 0.053 [95% CI, 0.000–0.162]) did not differ significantly among the groups. Similarly, Spearman’s rank correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed no significant relation between age and the changes in MAP or CO after the administration of ephedrine. Conclusion The administration of ephedrine significantly increased MAP and CO; however, no significant correlation with age was observed in patients aged > 45 years. These findings suggest that ephedrine is effective for the correction of hypotension during general anesthesia, even in elderly patients

Cell lines that support replication of a novel herpes simplex virus 1 UL31 deletion mutant can properly target UL34 protein to the nuclear rim in the absence of UL31

AbstractPrevious results indicated that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL31 gene is necessary and sufficient for localization of the UL34 protein exclusively to the nuclear membrane of infected Hep2 cells. In the current studies, a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the entire HSV-1 strain F genome was used to construct a recombinant viral genome in which a gene encoding kanamycin resistance was inserted in place of 262 codons of the 306 codon UL31 open reading frame. The deletion virus produced virus titers approximately 10- to 50-fold lower in rabbit skin cells, more than 2000-fold lower in Vero cells, and more than 1500-fold lower in CV1 cells, compared to a virus bearing a restored UL31 gene. The replication of the UL31 deletion virus was restored on UL31-complementing cell lines derived either from rabbit skin cells or CV1 cells. Confocal microscopy indicated that the majority of UL34 protein localized aberrantly in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of Vero cells and CV1 cells, whereas UL34 protein localized at the nuclear membrane in rabbit skin cells, and UL31 complementing CV1 cells infected with the UL31 deletion virus. We conclude that rabbit skin cells encode a function that allows proper localization of UL34 protein to the nuclear membrane. We speculate that this function partially complements that of UL31 and may explain why UL31 is less critical for replication in rabbit skin cells as opposed to Vero and CV1 cells

Protective effect of Sanguisorbae Radix against peroxynitrite-mediated renal injury

3-Nitrotyrosine, an oxidative product of protein that is produced via peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) nitration, was detected by HPLC analysis in plasma obtained from rats injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subjected to renal ischemia followed by reperfusion (LPS+ischemia-reperfusion), but not in rats subjected to sham-treatment. Rats pretreated with Sanguisorbae Radix extract orally for 30 days before LPS+ischemia-reperfusion, had lower 3-nitrotyrosine levels than rats without the pretreatment. Plasma levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine, indicators of renal dysfunction, were markedly lower in the animals pretreated with Sanguisorbae Radix extract than in those without the pretreatment. In addition, DNA fragmentation in renal tissues was significantly inhibited by administration of Sanguisorbae Radix prior to LPS+ischemia-reperfusion. These results suggest that Sanguisorbae Radix extract ameliorates oxidative damage caused by ONOO^-. パーオキシナイトライトは蛋白中のチロシンをニトロ化して3-ニトロチロシンを生成するが,この3-ニトロチロシンをHPLCで測定した結果,リポポリサッカライドと虚血-再灌流を施したラット血漿で検出され,偽処理した場合には検出されなかった。一方,リポポリサッカライドと虚血-再灌流を施す前に30日間地楡エキスを経口投与したラットでは,非投与群より低い3-ニトロチロシン値を示し,腎機能の指標の血漿尿素窒素,クレアチニンレベルも著しく低下していた。また腎組織中のDNA断片化も抑制され,地楡エキスがパーオキシナイトライトによる酸化的損傷を軽減することが推測された

Serotonergic regulation of galanin-induced selective macronutrient intake in self-selecting rats

We investigated macronutrient intake after intraventricular injection of galanin (GAL, 3 nmol/5 μl/rat) and/or serotonin (5-HT, 50 nmol/5μl/rat) in self-selecting fasted rats with preferences for either carbohydrates or fats. GAL injection significantly increased carbohydrate and total intake in all rats irrespective of macronutrient preference, whereas 5-HT alone did not affect macronutrient intake. The GAL-induced increase in total intake decreased to the level of saline controls when GAL was coinjected with 5- HT. The ratio of kilocalories of carbohydrates, fats and proteins (macronutrient energy ratio) after injections of GAL and/or 5-HT was similar to the saline control. In carbohydrate- preferring rats, GAL increased carbohydrate, protein and fat intake as well as total intake. Coinjection of GAL and 5-HT tended to decrease carbohydrate intake, but increase protein and fat intake. The macronutrient energy ratio after injection of GAL did not change, but the carbohydrate energy ratio decreased after 5-HT was injected, with or without GAL. In contrast, in fat-preferring rats, GAL significantly increased carbohydrate intake. Injection of 5-HT with or without GAL did not change total macronutrient intake. The macronutrient energy ratio did not change after GAL injection with or without 5-HT. These differences suggest that macronutrient preferences should be considered in any macronutrient intake study, and that serotonergic neurons play a part in the regulation of GAL-induced macronutrient intake

Comparison of hemodynamics during induction of general anesthesia with remimazolam and target-controlled propofol in middle-aged and elderly patients : a single-center, randomized, controlled trial

Background Remimazolam confers a lower risk of hypotension than propofol. However, no studies have compared the efficacy of remimazolam and propofol administered using target-controlled infusion (TCI). This study aimed to investigate hemodynamic effects of remimazolam and target-controlled propofol in middle-aged and elderly patients during the induction of anesthesia. Methods Forty adults aged 45–80 years with the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status 1–2 were randomly assigned to remimazolam or propofol group (n = 20 each). Patients received either remimazolam (12 mg/kg/h) or propofol (3 μg/mL, TCI), along with remifentanil for inducing anesthesia. We recorded the blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and estimated continuous cardiac output (esCCO) using the pulse wave transit time. The primary outcome was the maximum change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) after induction. Secondary outcomes included changes in HR, cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV). Results MAP decreased after induction of anesthesia in both groups, without significant differences between the groups (− 41.1 [16.4] mmHg and − 42.8 [10.8] mmHg in remimazolam and propofol groups, respectively; mean difference: 1.7 [95% confidence interval: − 8.2 to 4.9]; p = 0.613). Furthermore, HR, CO, and SV decreased after induction in both groups, without significant differences between the groups. Remimazolam group had significantly shorter time until loss of consciousness than propofol group (1.7 [0.7] min and 3.5 [1.7] min, respectively; p < 0.001). However, MAP, HR, CO, and SV were not significantly different between the groups despite adjusting time until loss of consciousness as a covariate. Seven (35%) and 11 (55%) patients in the remimazolam and propofol groups, respectively, experienced hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg over 2.5 min), without significant differences between the groups (p = 0.341). Conclusions Hemodynamics were not significantly different between remimazolam and target-controlled propofol groups during induction of anesthesia. Thus, not only the choice but also the dose and usage of anesthetics are important for hemodynamic stability while inducing anesthesia. Clinicians should monitor hypotension while inducing anesthesia with remimazolam as well as propofol