Indexed oxygen delivery during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury

Background: Acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiac surgery is a common complication with few established modifiable risk factors. We sought to characterize whether indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in a large pediatric cohort. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients under 1 year old undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2020. Receiver operating characteristic curves across values ranging from 260 to 400 mL/min/m2 were used to identify the indexed oxygen delivery most significantly associated with acute kidney injury risk. Results: We included 980 patients with acute kidney injury occurring in 212 (21.2%). After adjusting for covariates associated with acute kidney injury, an indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 340 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 4 and 5 neonates (area under the curve = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.60 – 0.72, sensitivity = 56.1%, specificity = 69.4%). An indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 400 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 1-3 infants (area under the curve = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.58 – 0.72, sensitivity = 52.6%, specificity = 74.6%). Conclusion: Indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable variable independently associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in specific pediatric populations. Strategies aimed at maintaining oxygen delivery greater than 340 mL/min/m2 in complex neonates and greater than 400 mL/min/m2 in infants may reduce the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury in the pediatric population

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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A Single-Center Analysis of Methylprednisolone Use during Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to induce an inflammatory response in patients. This response may be even more pronounced in pediatric patients given their small body size compared to adults. Several interventions have been instituted in an effort to attenuate this response, including the use of corticosteroids in the pump prime. However, the clinical effectiveness and potential harmful effects of steroid use have been the source of recent debate. Therefore, our institution made the decision to evaluate the use of methylprednisolone in our CPB prime. This evaluation was performed as a formal quality improvement project at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Methylprednisolone was eliminated from the CPB prime for 6 months. At the end of this time period, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database was used to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients (n = 222). These outcomes were then compared to patients operated on during the 6 months prior to elimination of methylprednisolone (n = 303). No significant clinical benefit was identified in the group of patients who received methylprednisolone. When compared to the group who did not receive methylprednisolone, significantly more patients in the steroids group had a postoperative wound infection (p = .037) or respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy ( p = .035). No other differences in clinical outcomes were identified between the two groups. No significant differences in clinical outcomes were identified between neonates who received methylprednisolone (n = 55) and neonates who did not receive steroids (n = 58). Due to the lack of clinical benefit seen with its use, as well as its potential contribution to the incidence of wound infection, methylprednisolone continues to be excluded from the CPB prime at our institution. Methylprednisolone is still given intraoperatively at the request of the attending anesthesiologist and on bypass during orthotopic transplant procedures according to institutional protocol

Indexed oxygen delivery during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury

Background: Acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiac surgery is a common complication with few established modifiable risk factors. We sought to characterize whether indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in a large pediatric cohort. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients under 1 year old undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2020. Receiver operating characteristic curves across values ranging from 260 to 400 mL/min/m2 were used to identify the indexed oxygen delivery most significantly associated with acute kidney injury risk. Results: We included 980 patients with acute kidney injury occurring in 212 (21.2%). After adjusting for covariates associated with acute kidney injury, an indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 340 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 4 and 5 neonates (area under the curve = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.60 – 0.72, sensitivity = 56.1%, specificity = 69.4%). An indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 400 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 1-3 infants (area under the curve = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.58 – 0.72, sensitivity = 52.6%, specificity = 74.6%). Conclusion: Indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable variable independently associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in specific pediatric populations. Strategies aimed at maintaining oxygen delivery greater than 340 mL/min/m2 in complex neonates and greater than 400 mL/min/m2 in infants may reduce the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury in the pediatric population

Correlation of Cerebral Microdialysis with Non-Invasive Diffuse Optical Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring during Deep Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Neonates undergoing cardiac surgery involving aortic arch reconstruction are at an increased risk for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Deep hypothermia is utilized to help mitigate this risk when periods of circulatory arrest are needed for surgical repair. Here, we investigate correlations between non-invasive optical neuromonitoring of cerebral hemodynamics, which has recently shown promise for the prediction of postoperative white matter injury in this patient population, and invasive cerebral microdialysis biomarkers. We compared cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), relative total hemoglobin concentration (rTHC), and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured by optics against the microdialysis biomarkers of metabolic stress and injury (lactate–pyruvate ratio (LPR) and glycerol) in neonatal swine models of deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (DHCPB), selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP), and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). All three optical parameters were negatively correlated with LPR and glycerol in DHCA animals. Elevation of LPR was found to precede the elevation of glycerol by 30–60 min. From these data, thresholds for the detection of hypoxic-ischemia-associated cerebral metabolic distress and neurological injury are suggested. In total, this work provides insight into the timing and mechanisms of neurological injury following hypoxic-ischemia and reports a quantitative relationship between hypoxic-ischemia severity and neurological injury that may inform DHCA management