Revision of Recreation and Leisure Practicum

In a 1-ha plot divided into 100 subplots of 10 x 10 m, all trees with at least 15 cm of perimeter at breast height (DBH = 4.8 cm) were marked and had their heights estimated and perimeter taken. The rock cover (rocks over 50 cm diameter) was estimated in five classes of frequency, and records were made for individuals growing directly on rocks. We found 1,274 trees matching the sampling criteria, which belong to 41 botanical families (highlighting Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Fabaceae) and 142 species or morphotypes. The most important (Importance Value Index) species are: Euterpe edulis, Mollinedia schottiana, Bathysa mendoncaei, Coussarea accedens, Rustia formosa and Guapira opposita. Shannon's diversity index was 4.05 nats/ind and Pielou's equability was 0.82. The average tree height is of 9 m and the canopy is at around 18 m. The trees' average diameter is 13.9 cm, and 29 individuals surpass 50 cm DBH. The basal area for the I-ha plot (live trees only) is 30.27 m(2). A direct relation was found between rock cover and lesser species richness and number of individuals per subplot. No relationship was found between rock cover and the mean height or mean diameter of stems in the subplots. 34 tree species in this area are able to grow on rocks; 11 of which do not grow roots to the soil, particularly Euterpe edulis and Guapira opposita. The height and diameter of the individuals that grow on rocks is not statistically different from the remaining in the plot

Floristic composition and similaritie between areas of Montane Atlantic Rainforest, Sao Paulo, Brazil

The study was conducted in two areas of Montana Atlantic Rainforest at Nucleo Santa Virginia, Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil. The aim was to investigate structural and floristic composition of each area and the differences between them, knowing that one has not been disturbed recently and the other was subjected to selective logging until 1970, as reported by local people. We installed two 1 ha (PLOT K and PLOT N), approximately 4 km away from each other, and within this plots all individuals with DBH >= 4.8 cm were recorded. Considering the two plots we sampled 3,503 individuals (2,269 trees - 64.7%; 860 palms - 24.5%; and 159 ferns - 4.5%), distributed in 265 species and 51 families. The rest (215 individuals) was dead. Among the most abundant families (Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Cyatheaceae) Monimiaceae is the only one classified as typical of the Montane Ombrophylus Dense Atlantic Forest. Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) is the dominant species in PLOT K (old), where we recorded 1,852 individuals, 189 species and 43 families, with Myrtaceae (48), Lauraceae (26) and Monimiaceae (13) presenting the higher number of species. It is important to mention that clumps of a native bamboo (Merostachys neesii Ruprecht, Poaceae) are present in 93 of the 100 subparcels of PLOT K, summing up 3,813 culms. In contrast, in PLOT N (secondary) where palm heart (Euterpe edulis) is also the dominant species but bamboos are not so conspicuous, we recorded 1436 individuals, 149 species and 40 families, with Myrtaceae (27), Lauraceae (15) and Fabaceae (eight) being the ones with higher number of species. In the plot of secondary forest (N) Shannon's diversity index (H' = 4.05) and the eveness index (J' = 0.8) are higher than those recorded in the old plot of forest (K) where H' = 3,72 nats.ind(-1) and J' = 0.7. Plots K and N have a low similarity (Jaccard index C(J) = 0,3), with only 94 species (34,47%) in common, and 102(38,5%) occurring exclusively in PLOT K. However, the maximum estimate of species expected at the point of rarefaction of PLOT N (IC 95% - 158.54) overlaps with the minimum estimate of species at the same point of PLOT K (95% - 157.12), showing that the number of species of both areas would be equivalent in the number of 1,420 individuals. Although the largest tree sampled was found in PLOT K, where forest stratification is more evident, there is no significant difference between the sums of basal area of living individuals. Considering the disturbance history of the region, the results suggest that forest structure recovery may occur within 25 years but, as shown by the total number of species and by the diversity parameters determined, species richness does not recover within this time frame.11213915

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil): Knowledge, use, and conservation

This study focuses on knowledge of medicinal plants among the Caicaras (rural inhabitants of the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil). In particular, we examine the use of medicinal plants according to sex and age to reveal general patterns of Caicara knowledge and use of plant resources. Data collected through 449 interviews at 12 Caicara communities (Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo coastal sites) include citations of 249 plants and identification of 227 species. We show the importance of introduced as opposed to native plants and of key individuals for the conservation of the Caicaras-Atlantic Forest.30328129

Diversity of plant uses in two Caicara communities from the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil

Caicaras are native inhabitants of the Atlantic coast on southeastern Brazil, whose subsistence is based especially on agriculture and artisanal fishing. Because of their knowledge about the environment acquired through generations, Caicara people can play an important role in Atlantic Forest conservation. An ethnobotanical study was conducted within two Caicara communities (Ponta do Almada and Camburi beach, Sao Paulo State, Brazil), focusing on plant uses. In 102 interviews, 227 plant ethnospecies were quoted, mainly for food, medicine, handicraft and construction of houses and canoes. People from studied communities depend on the native vegetation for more than a half of the species known and used. Using diversity indices, plant uses are compared between studied communities and between gender and age categories within each community. We found quantitative differences in the knowledge about plants between gender categories for each kind of use (medicinal, food and handicrafts). Older and younger informants also have different knowledge about plants for handicraft and medicine, but not for edible plants.9559761

Non-sequential fruit tracking by birds along an altitudinal gradient

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Despite landscape-level changes in fruit quantity, food resources may be constantly available to frugivorous animals if they track asynchronous fruit peaks. To investigate fruit availability patterns and their consequences on bird abundance, we tested for the occurrence of seasonal patterns in fruit production at three elevations (range 500-1000 m asl) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest over three years and compared these patterns among the elevations and years. Fruit production occurred throughout the year and showed only slight seasonality, and only at the two higher elevation sites. Contrary to expectation, fruiting peaks were neither predictable nor complementary. A few plant species (about 5%) contributed disproportionately to the high annual variation of fruit production in plant communities. We found no relationship between fruit production and bird capture rates of both generalist and specialist fruit eating species, suggesting that birds do not track fruit resources along the gradient, at least in some parts of the Atlantic Forest, or in some years. The apparent constancy of fruit availability probably does not stimulate birds to track to other elevations. In addition, plants with high annual variation in fruit production could be influencing and biasing our assessment of this relationship. (C) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.456678Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Virtual Institute of Biodiversity [98/05090-6]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Virtual Institute of Biodiversity [98/05090-6]FAPESP [98/10968-0

Essential Oil from the Leaves of Campomanesia guaviroba (DC.) Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae): Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The essential oil from the leaves of Campomanesia guaviroba (DC.) Kiaersk., obtained by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixteen compounds could be identified, representing around 94% of the total oil. The major components were myrtenal (27.0%), myrtenol (24.7%) and trans-pinocarveol (15.7%). The essential oil was also evaluated for DPPH radical-scavenging activity by TLC autographic assay, antioxidant capacity by ORAC-FL assay and antiproliferative activity against leukemic cells lines.235SI3437Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAEPEX-UNICAMPFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

The influence of natural and anthropogenic landscapes on edge effects

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)1205969Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)[08/01505-0]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [06/55385-0][08/01505-0

Forest destructuring as revealed by the temporal dynamics of fundamental species - Case study of Santa Genebra Forest in Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Variation in the composition of the tree population is common throughout the history of a well-preserved forest community, with this natural process maintaining the forest structure and giving rise to ecological processes necessary for the perpetuation of the ecosystem. However, fragmentation of forests can lead to the collapse of such a structure, especially when natural thinning of the dominant tree species is accompanied by other significant changes. This paper traces changes in the composition of the community of a forest of relevant ecological interest in Campinas (SP, Brazil) as that forest moves toward deterioration as indicated by a massive loss of individuals of fundamental species composing the canopy and subcanopy. The death of trees of the species traditionally forming the canopy, the result of natural processes, was probably intensified by anthropic factors, and led to a general destructuring of the community. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the dynamics of these fundamental species can be used as an indicator of the conservation of the ecosystem, as well as indicating the installation of a process which will lead to the collapse of the structure if adequate measures of adaptive management are not taken before the destructuring is irreversible. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.37A4044Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Restinga and Lowland forests in coastal plain of southeastern Brazil: vegetation and environmental heterogeneity

It was evaluated the floristic similarity between two Atlantic Rainforest physiognomies in Brazilian coast area, herein called Restinga and Lowland forests. The hypothesis was that, due the differences in geomorphologic processes, these forests would differ on soil physical and chemical properties, floristic composition, live above-ground biomass. and litterfall production. It was sampled 1 ha (100 x 100 m) for each site located in Ubatuba, Sao Paulo state, SE Brazil. Within each hectare it was recorded trees with DBH >4.8 cm in all 10 x 10 m contiguous plots, and collected soil and litterfall samples. The cluster and ordination analyses indicated the two communities as distinct groups considering soil and floristic composition, agreeing with the initial hypothesis. Species diversity was higher (p 0.05) between the two forests. This apparent paradox could be explained assuming that, since different species establish themselves in the Restinga or Lowland forests and find a favorable spectrum of conditions and resources, they would tend to persist and to develop in that place; even so the edaphic conditions differ between the Restinga and Lowland forests, each species could respond in a particular way to these variations, and then both forests could reach similar values of biomass and litterfall production. It is probable that the environmental filter conditioned by soils has being important for the strong floristic segregation between these two forests.11210312