Negative Effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin (Insecticide) on Alazani River Fish, Luciobarbus Mursa

Pesticides are complex organic substances that are an important source of water pollution. Using pesticides is one of the important actions for harvest protection. This, however, does not negate the fact that its usage can result to negative consequences as well. The study of toxic action of lambda-cigalotrin (the piretroid of the insecticides which is included in icons, karate, commodore, samurai) on quantitative contents of fatty acids and structural lipids in muscle, gills, liver, and in the brain of fishes in river Alazani was carried out. Based on the actual material, one can conclude that intoxication of the fish tissues with lambda-cyhalotrin processes appear, which stimulates oxidation of free radicals of structural lipids. The peroxides of the initiators of free radicals are formed, which stimulate lipid per oxidation. Exposure to insecticides caused an induction of antioxidant enzyme activities indicating the activation of the insecticides detoxification pathways and the antioxidant defenses. The non-protein sulfhydryl groups increased to 1,75 0,109 compared to the control (1,04 0,123), while the total sulfhydryl groups statistically increased to 39,16 1,44 compared to the control (34,00 1,22 ).This indicates an increase in the concentration of protein and total sulfhydryl groups compared to controls. The study also identified that excess amounts of insecticides in the tissues disrupts the biochemical parameters. These changes may be potentially disruptive for the survivability of fish in natural resources. This fact should thus be taken into consideration when this insecticide is used for pest control in agriculture fields surrounding surface water and ground water resources

Etiologic agents of central nervous system infections among febrile hospitalized patients in the country of Georgia.

OBJECTIVES: There is a large spectrum of viral, bacterial, fungal, and prion pathogens that cause central nervous system (CNS) infections. As such, identification of the etiological agent requires multiple laboratory tests and accurate diagnosis requires clinical and epidemiological information. This hospital-based study aimed to determine the main causes of acute meningitis and encephalitis and enhance laboratory capacity for CNS infection diagnosis. METHODS: Children and adults patients clinically diagnosed with meningitis or encephalitis were enrolled at four reference health centers. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected for bacterial culture, and in-house and multiplex RT-PCR testing was conducted for herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, mumps virus, enterovirus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), Streptococcus pneumoniae, HiB and Neisseria meningitidis. RESULTS: Out of 140 enrolled patients, the mean age was 23.9 years, and 58% were children. Bacterial or viral etiologies were determined in 51% of patients. Five Streptococcus pneumoniae cultures were isolated from CSF. Based on in-house PCR analysis, 25 patients were positive for S. pneumoniae, 6 for N. meningitidis, and 1 for H. influenzae. Viral multiplex PCR identified infections with enterovirus (n = 26), VZV (n = 4), and HSV-1 (n = 2). No patient was positive for mumps or HSV-2. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings indicate that S. pneumoniae and enteroviruses are the main etiologies in this patient cohort. The utility of molecular diagnostics for pathogen identification combined with the knowledge provided by the investigation may improve health outcomes of CNS infection cases in Georgia

Baseline characteristics of 140 patients presenting with febrile acute central neurologic system infections, country of Georgia.

<p>Note: SD, standard deviation.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of 140 patients presenting with febrile acute central neurologic system infections, country of Georgia.</p

Frequency of signs and symptoms among 140 patients presening with acute febrile central nervous system syndrome, country of Georgia.

<p>Frequency of signs and symptoms among 140 patients presening with acute febrile central nervous system syndrome, country of Georgia.</p

Selected characteristics of the study patients with acute central nervous system infections classified by clinical diagnosis, country of Georgia.

<p>Note: SD, standard deviation; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.</p><p>Selected characteristics of the study patients with acute central nervous system infections classified by clinical diagnosis, country of Georgia.</p

Median Values and Ranges of Cereprospinal Fluid (CSF) Parameters among patients with clinically diagnosed central nervous system infections, country of Georgia.

<p>Median Values and Ranges of Cereprospinal Fluid (CSF) Parameters among patients with clinically diagnosed central nervous system infections, country of Georgia.</p

Grape and wine culture in Georgia, the South Caucasus

In 2014, the National Wine Agency of the Republic of Georgia initiated a three-year "Research Project for the study of Georgian Grapes and Wine Culture. Through collaborative research by Georgian and foreign institutions and researchers, the project aims to: stimulate research of Georgian viticulture and viniculture, through the lens of the country with the earliest tradition of grape domestication and winemaking; and to reconstruct the continuous development of viticulture and wine culture through time. The project advances the study of grape and wine culture by utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, including: archaeology, history, ethnography, molecular genetics, biomolecular archaeology, palaeobotany, ampelography, enology, climatology and other scientific fields. These studies are diachronic in their approach, beginning with the oldest Neolithic civilizations, to present day, creating a holistic understanding of the continuity and complexity of Georgian Wine Culture to help popularize Georgian Wine throughout the global wine market

Grape and wine culture in Georgia, the South Caucasus

In 2014, the National Wine Agency of the Republic of Georgia initiated a three-year “Research Project for the study of Georgian Grapes and Wine Culture. Through collaborative research by Georgian and foreign institutions and researchers, the project aims to: stimulate research of Georgian viticulture and viniculture, through the lens of the country with the earliest tradition of grape domestication and winemaking; and to reconstruct the continuous development of viticulture and wine culture through time. The project advances the study of grape and wine culture by utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, including: archaeology, history, ethnography, molecular genetics, biomolecular archaeology, palaeobotany, ampelography, enology, climatology and other scientific fields. These studies are diachronic in their approach, beginning with the oldest Neolithic civilizations, to present day, creating a holistic understanding of the continuity and complexity of Georgian Wine Culture to help popularize Georgian Wine throughout the global wine market