DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EMBUTIDO RICO EM FERRO ELABORADO A PARTIR DE SUBPRODUTOS COMESTÍVEIS DO ABATE DE CAPRINOS

Objetivou-se com este estudo elaborar chouriço caprino a partir de subprodutos do abate e determinar sua qualidade físico-química e sensorial. Três formulações foram testadas, sendo um lote defumado e o outro não, com variações nas proporções de vísceras (30, 20 e 10%) e sangue (30, 40 e 50%). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de Aa, pH, cor (L*, a*, b*), composição centesimal e análise do perfil de minerais dos chouriços. Realizou-se pesquisa sensorial exploratória de natureza qualitativa, utilizando-se o método do grupo de foco. A variação nas proporções de subprodutos (sangue, coração e rim) na elaboração do chouriço não apresentou efeito significativo quanto a composição centesimal, pH e Aa. Percentual de ferro mais elevado e maior intensidade de a* (cor vermelha) foram detectados na formulação com maior teor de sangue. O processo de defumação diminuiu a atividade de água, favorecendo a qualidade sensorial do chouriço caprino em relação aos atributos de aroma e sabor

Estudo da proteólise, lipólise e compostos voláteis em queijo de coalho caprino adicionado de bactérias láticas probióticas

The study of proteolysis, lipolysis volatiles profile of caprine Coalho cheese to which were added probiotic bacteria during storage. The cheeses were named: QS, control sample of Coalho cheese prepared with a starter culture of Lactococcus lactis, subsp. lactis, and Lactococcus lactis, subsp. cremoris; QLA, Coalho cheese with culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus; QLP, Coalho cheese sample formulated with Lactobacillus paracasei; QB, Coalho cheese with Bifidobacterium lactis; and QC, Coalho cheese with co-culture containing the 3 microorganisms in associated. The cheeses were analyzed after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at the temperature of 10 °C ± 2 °C. The probiotic cell counts in cheese was superior to 6.5 log CFU g⁻¹ of cheese in the first day of storage, and surpassed 7 log CFU g⁻¹ of cheese in the 28th day of storage. Based on comparative studies carried out, it must be highlighted that the use of the various probiotic lactic cultures affects the lipid, protein, and aromatic profiles of caprine Coalho cheese during storage. It was verified that, when they were added to the Coalho cheese samples, the lactic cultures, regardless of type, presented lipolytic action (p < 0.01) during storage, causing a reduction in long chain fatty acids and an increase in short chain fatty acids. The acids released have direct influence in particular compounds of the aroma of the product, especially the characteristic caprine aroma, with an increase in caprylic, caproic and capric acids. It was observed that the addition of the Bifidobacterium lactis culture and the co-culture of probiotics had a positive effect on the fatty acid profile, with a higher production of volatiles, resulting in more concentrations during the CLA storage period (0.74 and 0.54 g/100 g of fatty acids), optimal values for the PUFA/SFA relationships (0.23 and 0.065) and DFA (50.23 and 45.08), associated with a reduction in the atherogenicity index (2.15 and 2.38) and in the trombosidade index (1.69 and 1.82). Twenty-five volatile compounds were identified in caprine Coalho cheese: six alcohols, four hydrocarbons, four terpenes, three acids, three ketones, three aldehydes and two esters. In the five types of cheese samples analyzed, one was able to observe the production of esters during storage and the reduction of aldehydes. The fruity aroma of esters is desirable, since it lessens undesirable aromas which are found in some compounds such as acids and aldehydes. The use of a combination of probiotic cultures (co-culture) also influenced (p < 0,01) the proteolysis of caprine Coalho cheese, providing a higher percentage of soluble protein, a higher proteolytic depth index and a greater release of fatty acids in the first day after processing.The probiotic caprine Coalho cheese samples presented a proteolysis rate which was at its highest after seven days of storage, and their fractions of αs₂ and k-casein were the ones with the highest degree of hydrolysis during storage. Among the samples prepared using isolated probiotic bacteria, it must be emphasized that B. lactis presented a more intense proteolytic action, showing a high percentage of soluble protein and a greater degradation of the αs₂ casein during storage. Probiotic cheeses produced using goat milk have excellent characteristics in terms of nutritional and aromatic attributes; highlighted the B. lactis and prodizidos adding the co-culture of probiotics.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO estudo da proteólise, lipólise e perfil de voláteis de queijo de coalho caprino ao qual foram adicionadas bactérias probióticas durante o armazenamento. Os queijos foram denominados de: QS, queijo de coalho controle elaborado com a cultura “starter” de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis e Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris; QLA, queijo de coalho com cultura de Lactobacillus acidophilus; QLP, queijo de coalho elaborado com Lactobacillus paracasei; QB, queijo de coalho com Bifidobacterium lactis; e QC, queijo de coalho com co-cultura, contendo os 3 micro-organismos em associado. Os queijos foram analisados após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento a 10 °C ± 2 °C. A contagem das células probióticas nos queijos foi superior a 6,5 log UFC g-1 de queijo no 1° dia de armazenamento e 7 log UFC g-1 de queijo, no 28° dia. Com base nos estudos comparativos realizados, ressalta-se que o uso das diferentes culturas láticas probióticas afetou o perfil lipídico, proteico e aromático do queijo de coalho caprino, durante o armazenamento. Verificou-se que as culturas láticas, independente do tipo, quando adicionadas aos queijos de coalho, apresentaram ação lipolítica (p < 0,01) durante o armazenamento, provocando a redução dos ácidos graxos de cadeia longa e aumento dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Os ácidos liberados influenciaram diretamente nos compostos do aroma peculiar do produto, principalmente, o aroma característico de caprinos, com aumento dos ácidos caprílico, caproico e cáprico. Observou-se efeito positivo da adição da cultura de Bifidobacterium lactis e da co-cultura de probióticos no perfil de ácidos graxos, e uma maior produção de voláteis, que resultou em maiores concentrações durante o período de estocagem do CLA (0,74 e 0,54 g/100g de ácidos graxos), e ótimos valores das relações AGPI/AGS (0,23 e 0,065) e DFA (50,23 e 45,08), associados à redução dos índices de aterogenicidade (2,15 e 2,38) e trombosidade (1,69 e 1,82). Vinte e cinco compostos voláteis foram identificados no queijo de coalho caprino: sendo seis alcoóis, quatro hidrocarbonetos, quatro terpenos, três ácidos, três cetonas, três aldeídos e dois ésteres. Nos cinco tipos de queijos de coalho caprino avaliados, observou-se produção de ésteres ao longo do armazenamento e redução de aldeídos. O aroma frutado dos ésteres é almejável, uma vez que suaviza aromas indesejáveis e característicos de alguns compostos como ácidos e aldeídos. A utilização da combinação das culturas probióticas (co-cultura) também influenciou (p < 7 0,01) a proteólise do queijo de coalho caprino, proporcionando maior teor de proteína solúvel, maior índice proteolítico de profundidade e maior liberação de aminoácidos no 1° dia após o processamento. Os queijos de coalho caprinos probióticos apresentaram índice de proteólise em extensão máxima após sete dias de estocagem, sendo que suas frações de αs2 e k-caseína foram as que obtiveram maior grau de hidrólise ao longo do armazenamento. Dentre os queijos elaborados com bactérias probióticas isoladas, enfatiza-se que a B. lactis exibiu ação proteolítica mais intensa, proporcionando elevado teor de proteína solúvel e maior degradação da fração de αs2 caseína ao longo do armazenamento. Os queijos probióticos fabricados a partir de leite de cabra possuem excelentes características em relação aos atributos nutricionais e aromáticos, em destaque os prodizidos adicionando Bifidobacterium lactis e a co-cultura de probióticos

Quality evaluation of red wines produced from the Isabella and Ives cultivar (Vitis labrusca): physicochemical parameters, phenolic composition and antioxidant activity

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of commercial red wines (Isabella and Ives [IsB]; Isabella, Ives, Seibel and Concord [IsSC]; and Isabella and Ives [IsBb]) produced from Isabella and Ives grapes grown in southern Brazil. The parameters required by Brazilian law were evaluated, and the chemical parameters of the phenolic compounds, organic acids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity were quantified for red wine samples containing the Isabella and Ives grape. All of the wine parameters were consistent with Brazilian legislation. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the wines in phenolic compound content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, anthocyanin levels and colour parameters. The IsSC wine was the clearest; it had the lowest anthocyanin content (88.76 mg/L) and colour a* (11.28) parameter values. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between antioxidant activity and some of the identified phenolic compounds. The differences among the wines confirm the distinctive effects of the wine-producing region on each sample and on the varietals that make up each wine

Optimal conditions for obtaining collagen from chicken feet and its characterization

Abstract The objective of this study was to extract collagen from chicken feet, determining optimal extraction conditions according to acetic acid concentration, pepsin content and time of enzymatic hydrolysis. A factorial design 23 was used, with three replications at the central point, totaling 11 experiments. The response variable studied was the collagen content of the isolate obtained. In addition to the optimization, the characterization of the isolates with higher and lower collagen content, in relation to the amino acid profile, electrophoretic profile, peptide hydrophobicity and functional properties, such as water solubility, water retention capacity and emulsifying activity, were carried out. The proposed model was statistically significant, with conditions of higher collagen content of 0.3 mol/L of acetic acid, 0.2% of pepsin and 12 hours of hydrolysis. The collagen isolate under these conditions showed higher iminoacids content, higher sum of peptide areas, higher solubility in water and water retention at 60 °C. The treatment with lower collagen content showed high emulsifying activity. The collagen isolate of the chicken feet presented characteristics makes it suitable for application in the food industry

Chemical and sensory quality of sheep liver pâté prepared with ‘variety meat’<br>Qualidade química e sensorial de patê de fígado ovino elaborado com subprodutos comestíveis

Many edible meat by-products produced from sheep slaughter are often wasted but represent excellent sources of many nutrients. The preparation of pâté may be an alternative use for this raw material and may contribute to the development of a sheep sector by offering new products to the consumer market. The objective of this work was to produce and evaluate the quality of sheep pâté made with blood, liver and trimmed meat. The pâté formulation was composed of 12% meat, 25% liver, 13% blood, 20% water and 30% fat, as well as spices and seasoning. The product had high iron content (9.0 mg/100 g). The measured levels of essential amino acids exceeded the recommended values for adults. The sheep liver pâté showed a significant percentage of linoleic acid (16.68%), which is essential to the human body. The pâté produced was in accordance with the requirements of the Brazilian legislation regarding chemical and microbiological parameters, able to be edible, and showed good sensory acceptance. This study suggests that the development of sheep liver pâté is a viable alternative to add value to edible sheep slaughter by-products by generating a product with high nutritional value.<p><p> Subprodutos comestíveis produzidos a partir do abate de ovinos são muitas vezes desperdiçado, mas representam excelentes fontes de muitos nutrientes. A preparação de patê pode ser uma alternativa para utilização desta matéria-prima e pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento do setor da ovinocultura, oferecendo novos produtos para o mercado consumidor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir e avaliar a qualidade de patê ovino feito com fígado, sangue e retraços de carne. A formulação do patê foi composta de 12 % de carne, 25% de fígado, 13 % de sangue, 20% de água e 30% de gordura, bem como especiarias e condimentos. O produto tinha alto teor de ferro (9,0 mg/100 g). Os níveis medidos de aminoácidos essenciais excederam os valores recomendados para adultos. O patê de fígado ovino mostrou uma percentagem significativa de ácido linoleico (16,68%), o que é essencial para o corpo humano. O patê produzido apresentou-se em acordo com as exigências da legislação brasileira sobre parâmetros químicos e microbiológicos, podendo ser consumido, e mostrou boa aceitação sensorial. Este estudo sugere que o desenvolvimento de patê de fígado de ovelha é uma alternativa viável para agregar valor aos subprodutos comestíveis do abate de ovinos, gerando um produto com alto valor nutritivo

Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC/MS technique for the analysis of volatile compounds in caprine Coalho cheese using response surface methodology

Abstract Caprine Coalho cheese presents great potential for a typical protected designation of origin, considering that this traditional Brazilian cheese presents a slightly salty and acid flavor, combined with a unique texture. This study optimized the HS-SPME-GC-MS methodology for volatile analysis of Coalho cheese, which can be used as a tool to help in the identification of the distinctive aroma profile of this cheese. The conditions of equilibrium time, extraction temperature and time were optimized using the statistical tool factorial experimental design 23, and applying the desirability function. After the evaluation, it was concluded that the optimum extraction conditions comprised equilibrium and extraction time of 20 and 40 minutes, respectively; and ideal extraction temperature of 45 °C. The optimum extraction of volatile compounds in goat Coalho cheese captured 32 volatile compounds: 5 alcohols, 5 esters, 3 ketones, 6 acids, 3 aldehydes, 3 terpenes, and 7 hydrocarbons

Effect of supplementation with probiotic lactic acid bacteria, separately or combined, on acid and sugar production in goat ‘coalho’ cheese

This study analyzed the glycolytic effects of adding isolated and combined probiotic bacterial strains to goat ‘coalho’ cheese. The cheeses were: C-with added Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris; L-with added Lactobacillus acidophilus; P-with added Lactobacillus paracasei; B-with added Bifidobacterium lactis; and M, added a “mixed” culture with the three probiotic. Based on the results, the different probiotic lactic acid and the length of storage were verified as factors affecting the organic and fatty acids profiles. Probioticlactic acid bacteria exhibited higher glycolytic potential throughout the 28- day storage, leading to high sugar consumption and organic acid production, with the consequent formation of a more intense cheese aroma. When evaluating the fatty acid profile, the addition of the B. lactis culture and of the mixed culture was observed to have a positive effect, providing a fatty acid profile with better nutritional value, i.e., with a higher of conjugated linoleic acids and unsaturated fatty acids.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Optimal conditions for obtaining collagen from chicken feet and its characterization

<div><p>Abstract The objective of this study was to extract collagen from chicken feet, determining optimal extraction conditions according to acetic acid concentration, pepsin content and time of enzymatic hydrolysis. A factorial design 23 was used, with three replications at the central point, totaling 11 experiments. The response variable studied was the collagen content of the isolate obtained. In addition to the optimization, the characterization of the isolates with higher and lower collagen content, in relation to the amino acid profile, electrophoretic profile, peptide hydrophobicity and functional properties, such as water solubility, water retention capacity and emulsifying activity, were carried out. The proposed model was statistically significant, with conditions of higher collagen content of 0.3 mol/L of acetic acid, 0.2% of pepsin and 12 hours of hydrolysis. The collagen isolate under these conditions showed higher iminoacids content, higher sum of peptide areas, higher solubility in water and water retention at 60 °C. The treatment with lower collagen content showed high emulsifying activity. The collagen isolate of the chicken feet presented characteristics makes it suitable for application in the food industry.</p></div