Redefining procurement paradigms: A critical review of buyer-supplier dynamics in the global petroleum and natural gas industry

This paper reviews critique of procurement approaches within the petroleum and natural gas sectors, whilst concurrently unveiling and scrutinizing the elements that amplify and shape the buyer-supplier interactions within this industry. The primary objective of this review is to redefine procurement paradigms in the global petroleum and natural gas industry by reassessing the dynamics between buyers and suppliers. The findings from our study reveal a noticeable gap in the literature concerning the fortification of buyer-supplier relationships in the petroleum and natural gas sector. While existing studies offer valuable insights into procurement trends, they significantly lack focus on strengthening these key relationships. This could be considered a limitation in the existing body of work, suggesting a need for targeted research in this area. The existence of certain strategies that have proven to enhance supplier partnerships offers a promising avenue for future research. The implications of these findings are twofold. First, organizations in the petroleum and natural gas industry may need to revaluate their F to include a greater focus on buyer-supplier relationship management. Second, academic researchers may consider developing targeted studies that delve into the impacts of these relationships on procurement efficiency and organizational performance. The limitations of this study include the availability of industry-specific reports and the potential for subjectivity in interpreting qualitative data. Future research should aim to mitigate these limitations by employing a more diverse range of data sources and analytical techniques

Construction novel highly active photocatalytic H2 evolution over noble-metal-free trifunctional Cu3P/CdS nanosphere decorated g-C3N4 nanosheet

Hydrogen energy possesses immense potential in developing a green renewable energy system. However, a significant problem still exists in improving the photocatalytic H2 production activity of metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based photocatalysts. Here is a novel Cu3P/CdS/g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposite for increasing photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. In this study, systematic characterizations have been carried out using techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectra, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface area analysis (BET), electrochemical impedance (EIS), and transient photocurrent response measurements. Surprisingly, the improved 3CP/Cd-6.25CN photocatalyst displays a high H2 evolution rate of 125721 μmol h−1 g−1. The value obtained exceeds pristine g-C3N4 and Cu3P/CdS by 339.8 and 7.6 times, respectively. This could be the maximum rate of hydrogen generation for a g–C3N4–based ternary nanocomposite ever seen when exposed to whole solar spectrum and visible light (λ > 420 nm). This research provides fresh perspectives on the rational manufacture of metal-free g-C3N4 based photocatalysts that will increase the conversion of solar energy. By reusing the used 3CP/Cd/g-C3N4 photocatalyst in five consecutive runs, the stability of the catalyst was investigated, and their individual activity in the H2 production activity was assessed. To comprehend the reaction mechanisms and emphasise the value of synergy between the three components, several comparison systems are built

Sustainable aviation—hydrogen is the future

As the global search for new methods to combat global warming and climate change continues, renewable fuels and hydrogen have emerged as saviours for environmentally polluting industries such as aviation. Sustainable aviation is the goal of the aviation industry today. There is increasing interest in achieving carbon-neutral flight to combat global warming. Hydrogen has proven to be a suitable alternative fuel. It is abundant, clean, and produces no carbon emissions, but only water after use, which has the potential to cool the environment. This paper traces the historical growth and future of the aviation and aerospace industry. It examines how hydrogen can be used in the air and on the ground to lower the aviation industry’s impact on the environment. In addition, while aircraft are an essential part of the aviation industry, other support services add to the overall impact on the environment. Hydrogen can be used to fuel the energy needs of these services. However, for hydrogen technology to be accepted and implemented, other issues such as government policy, education, and employability must be addressed. Improvement in the performance and emissions of hydrogen as an alternative energy and fuel has grown in the last decade. However, other issues such as the storage and cost and the entire value chain require significant work for hydrogen to be implemented. The international community’s alternative renewable energy and hydrogen roadmaps can provide a long-term blueprint for developing the alternative energy industry. This will inform the private and public sectors so that the industry can adjust its plan accordingly

Abrasive wear behaviour of epoxy composite based on kenaf fibres

[Introduction]: Recently, there are wide researches on the possibility of using natural fibres as reinforcement for polymeric composites. One of the most promising natural fibres is kenaf fibre, which has high interfacial adhesion with synthetic matrix, and great specific tensile modulus [1]. Few attempts have been made to study the effect of oil palm, coir, or betelnut fibres [2, 3], on tribological characteristics of polyester composites. In those works, the composites exhibited very poor wear performance. due to the poor interfacial adhesion of the fibres with the matrix leading to pulling out of the fibres during the sliding. In the current work, the effect of high interfacial adhesion kenaf fibre on the abrasive wear performance of epoxy composite was studied under abrasive loading conditions. The worn surfaces were examined using SEM

Biofuel from microalgae: alternative, sustainable and renewable fuel

The demand on fossil fuel is increasing due to the increases of population growth rates and higher fuel prices. Therefore, finding alternative clean and renewable source of energy is one of the most substantial needs nowadays Biodiesel is one of the potential renewable resources of energy which produces low emission gases, is sustainable, and can be produced using existing available technologies. The new resource of fuel has to be convincing, microalgae is one of the most promising sources of biodiesel and an economical substance due to its low coast and the availability. Microalgae has the highest of oil productivity and can produce many times more than crops The characteristics of microalgae's biodiesel are very similar to diesel’s and it can be blended with diesel in any ratio. High oil prices, competing demands between foods and other biofuel sources and the world food crisis have ignited interest in farming algae for making biofuels. Using land that is not suitable for agriculture, using ocean and wastewater for producing and fast growth are algal fuels' attractive. About half weight of algae is oil that this lipid oil can be used to make biodiesel and this oil is capable of yielding 30 times more oil than the crops currently used in biofuel production

Influence of material structure properties on sliding contact performance of CGRP composite

[Abstract]: In the current work, an experimental investigations on friction and interface temperature of chopped strand mat glass fibre (type-R) reinforced polyester (CGRP) sliding against smooth stainless steel are presented. Pin-on-disk (POD) apparatus was used to perform the experimental tests under dry contact condition. Several tribo-parameters are considered, namely load (30, 60 & 90N), sliding velocity (2.8, 3.52 & 3.9m/s) and sliding distance (0-2.51km). In addition, the CGRP composite was investigated in two different orientations of chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fibre in the matrix, with respect to sliding direction and counterface, i.e. Parallel (P) and Anti-parallel (AP). Friction forces and interface temperatures were measured simultaneously. To observe the damages feature on the worn surface of CGRP composite, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used. The results of friction coefficient and interface temperature were presented as function of sliding distance at different loads, velocities and orientations. Experimental results revealed that orientations of CSM glass fibres and test parameters played a major role in friction and interface temperature behaviour. Tested parameters (load, sliding distance, sliding velocity and orientations of CSM glass fibre in matrix) have an essential influence on the friction coefficient and interface temperature results of the CGRP composite. AP-orientation produced high friction coefficient (0.5-0.6) and interface temperature (29- 50oC) in compared to P-orientation. High damage on the CGRP surface were found when the CGRP tested in AP-orientations at higher load and velocity, i.e. fibre break, peels off, debonding, polyester deformation

Experimental investigation for the design of ECU for a single cylinder engine using dual-fuel (CNG-diesel)

The dual fuel CNG-diesel engine is a means for utilizing gaseous fuel resources efficiently in appropriately converted diesel engines. These converted engines can provide an effective method for producing power while reducing exhaust emissions, especially exhaust particulates and oxides of nitrogen (compared to the original diesel engines). More efficiency and increased power output, relative to the corresponding diesel operation, can be achieved with dual fuel engines at relatively high loads. However, at light loads, the dual-fuel engines did not run smoothly. This paper explores and compares the performance and emission aspects of an engine when utilizing diesel and dual-fuel. The data acquired are essential for building an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for a Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)-diesel system. Based on efficiency and exhaust emission measurements, it is concluded that the dual fuel system represents a significant improvement over the original diesel system

HCCI engine: numerical and experimental approach

HCCI is stands for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition engines. First research was started by Onishi et al. in 1979. This engine has been investigated worldwide as this technology has not matured sufficiently. It could be used in either SI or CI configurations with high compression ratio (CR. In principle, there is no spark plug or injector inside the combustion chamber like SI or CI engines to control the combustion: auto-ignition occurs in multiple spots once the mixture has reached its chemical activation energy

Predicting the combustion behaviour of a diesel HCCI engine using a zero-dimensional single-zone model

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines use a new mode of combustion whose technology has not matured sufficiently to be commercialized. There are several challenges in developing HCCI engines: auto-ignition control of the mixture, achieving a cold start and controlling knock at high load operation. In principal, HCCI engines have no spark plug or fuel injector to control the combustion: auto-ignition occurs in multiple spots once the mixture has reached its chemical activation energy. The chemical reaction of the mixture is influenced by changing input parameters such as: intake temperature, equivalence ratio and fuel type. A zero-dimensional single-zone model is used to investigate the combustion behaviour of a diesel engine operating in HCCI mode, with n-heptane used as a surrogate fuel for diesel. The combustion phasing is predicted in accordance with the experiment, with higher in-cylinder peak pressure. This paper will study methods of controlling the auto-ignition timing through hydrogen addition and by altering the intake air temperature and equivalence ratio. The auto-ignition timing changes with the change of all those factors, where the combustion phasing is advanced by increasing all the parameters

Finite element analysis of fibre reinforce concrete beam subject to high temperature by using EURO-code models

Glass fibre composite reinforcement bars have been used in the reinforced concrete structures as a powerful solution of the steel corrosion problem. This research work aims to use a 3D finite element method and EURO – code models to simulate a concrete beam reinforced with fibre composite bars under the effects of high temperature. The behaviour of the structure is very complex due to load combination and different material response. The applied load was an external mechanical load and a thermal load. The material response was considered as thermal expansion, cracking, crushing, yielding and changing of material properties with the temperature increase. The FE element was modified to allow temperature distribution and material properties changing to throw thickness of the concrete beam. In addition, the geometrical non – linearity is considered in the analysis due to the large deflection of the structure. The prediction results were compared with the available experimental results, and it gives a well correspond