Scholarship boys and children's books :working-class writing for children in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s

PhD ThesisThis thesis explores how, during the 1960s and 1970s in Britain, writers from the working-class helped significantly reshape British children’s literature through their representations of working-class life and culture. The three writers at the centre of this study – Aidan Chambers, Alan Garner and Robert Westall – were all examples of what Richard Hoggart, in The Uses of Literacy (1957), termed ‘scholarship boys’. By this, Hoggart meant individuals from the working-class who were educated out of their class through grammar school education. The thesis shows that their position as scholarship boys both fed their writing and enabled them to work radically and effectively within the British publishing system as it then existed. Although these writers have attracted considerable critical attention, their novels have rarely been analysed in terms of class, despite the fact that class is often central to their plots and concerns. This thesis, therefore, provides new readings of four novels featuring scholarship boys: Aidan Chambers’ Breaktime and Dance on My Grave, Robert Westall’s Fathom Five, and Alan Garner’s Red Shift. The thesis is split into two parts, and these readings make up Part 1. Part 2 focuses on scholarship boy writers’ activities in changing publishing and reviewing practices associated with the British children’s literature industry. In doing so, it shows how these scholarship boy writers successfully supported a movement to resist the cultural mechanisms which suppressed working-class culture in British children’s literature. The thesis ends by considering the legacies of their efforts and demonstrating, through close readings of Westall’s The Machine-Gunners and Garner’s The Owl Service, that the class context of the time is embedded in the texts in ways that have not previously been recognised. Drawing on the work of Raymond Williams and Pierre Bourdieu, as well as referring more generally to studies of scholarship boys in social sciences and education, this thesis also makes use of personal interviews and archival materials, which together yield significant insights on British children’s literature of the period.The 21-Seiki Bunka Gakujyutsu Zaidan for generously providing partial funding for one year’s study, and the School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics at Newcastle University for funding travel for my archival and interview researches

FESHYD : busca federada sobre bases de dados RDF híbridas

Orientadora: Carmem Satie HaraCoorientadora: Raqueline Ritter de Moura PenteadoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática. Defesa : Curitiba, 04/09/2020Inclui referências: p.66-67Área de concentração: Ciência da ComputaçãoResumo Na Web Semantica, os dados sao disponibilizados no formato RDF e consultados por meio da linguagem SPARQL. A maioria dos processadores de consultas consideram apenas bases RDF federadas ou apenas bases proprietarias. Bases federadas consistem de um conjunto de repositorios autonomos, enquanto bases proprietarias permitem acesso irrestrito, tanto aos dados quanto ao processamento interno da consulta. Caso uma consulta envolva tanto dados de bases de terceiros autonomas bem como dados da base proprietaria, existem duas alternativas para o seu processamento: (i) tratar a base proprietaria como um componente da base federada; (ii) intervencao do usuario para integrar os dados de base proprietaria e federada. Embora ambas permitam integracao de dados da base, elas nao exploram otimizacoes que sao possiveis pelo fato de haver acesso irrestrito a base proprietaria. Esta questao e tratada nesta dissertacao, com a proposta de uma terceira alternativa, denominada de FeSHyD, que processa consultas SPARQL tanto sobre bases federadas quanto proprietarias distribuidas. O FeSHyD gera um plano de consultas otimizado, que e executado em paralelo por todos os servidores que compoem a base proprietaria. Durante a geracao do plano, a otimizacao envolve metodos para a selecao das fontes e para a ordenacao dos blocos que compoem o plano de consulta, de forma que a base proprietaria seja explorada antes de submeter subconsultas as bases de terceiros. Durante o processamento da consulta, os servidores da base proprietaria submetem estas subconsultas a base federada diretamente, sem a existencia de um ponto central de controle. O sistema foi implementado e os resultados experimentais mostram que ele reduz o tempo de processamento de consultas em ate 45% comparado a alternativa de tratar a base proprietaria como um componente de uma base federada. Palavras-chave: busca federada, consulta SPARQL, bases de dados hibridas distribuidas, integracao de sistemas distribuidos, selecao de fontes, ordenacao das subconsultas.Abstract In the Semantic Web, data is made available in RDF format and queried using the SPARQL language. Most query processors consider only federated RDF bases or only proprietary bases. Federated databases consist of a set of autonomous repositories, while proprietary databases allow unrestricted access, both to data and to query processing execution alternatives. If a query involves both data from autonomous third party databases as well as data from the proprietary database, there are two alternatives for processing it: (i) consider the proprietary base as a component of the federated database; (ii) rely on user intervention to integrate the proprietary and federated databases. Although both alternatives promote data integration, they do not explore optimizations that are possible by the fact that there is unrestricted access to the proprietary base. This issue is addressed in this dissertation, with the proposal of a third alternative, called FeSHyD, which processes SPARQL queries on both federated and distributed proprietary bases. FeSHyD generates an optimized query plan that is executed in parallel by all servers that compose the proprietary database. During the generation of the plan, the optimization involves methods for selecting external data sources, and for ordering the blocks that compose the query plan such that the proprietary base is explored before subqueries are submitted to external sources. During query processing, these subqueries are sent to third party databases directly by the servers, without relying on a central control point. The system was implemented and the experimental results show that it reduces query processing time by up to 45% compared to the alternative of considering the proprietary base as a component of a federated database. Keywords: federated search, SPARQL query, distributed hybrid databases, distributed system integration, source selection, subquery orderin

Quantum mechanical virial theorem in systems with translational and rotational symmetry

Generalized virial theorem for quantum mechanical nonrelativistic and relativistic systems with translational and rotational symmetry is derived in the form of the commutator between the generator of dilations G and the Hamiltonian H. If the conditions of translational and rotational symmetry together with the additional conditions of the theorem are satisfied, the matrix elements of the commutator [G, H] are equal to zero on the subspace of the Hilbert space. Normalized simultaneous eigenvectors of the particular set of commuting operators which contains H, J^{2}, J_{z} and additional operators form an orthonormal basis in this subspace. It is expected that the theorem is relevant for a large number of quantum mechanical N-particle systems with translational and rotational symmetry.Comment: 24 pages, accepted for publication in International Journal of Theoretical Physic

EFEITO ADJUVANTE DO CLORETO DE DIMETILDIOCTADECILAMÔNIO EM PREPARAÇÕES DE TOXÓIDE TETÂNICO

Foram formuladas duas vacinas contendo a mesma concentração de toxina, com o intuito de se avaliar a habilidade do adjuvante cloreto de demetiloctadecilamônio (DDA cloreto) em potencializar a resposta imune em cobaias imunizada com o toxóide tetânico. A vacina A foi adsorvida com hidróxido de alumínio e a vacina B cmpreendia a associação do hidróxido de alumínio e DDA cloreto. Os títulos de antitoxina no soro dos cobaios imunizados foram quantificados por soroneutralização em camundongos frente a uma dose contendo 1 Lp/10 (limite paralítico) de toxina tetânica. A inclusão do DDA cloreto em vacinas constituídas por toxóide tetânico adsorvido com hidróxido de alumínio promoveu maior ativação das respostas imunes humoral e celular de cobaios, quando comparada à resposta imune dos animais que receberam o antígeno adsorvido apenas com o hidróxido de alumínio. Os animais recebedores da vacina B apresentaram títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes 2,66 vezes maiores que os que recebedores a vacina A, demonstrando a potencialização da resposta imune humoral promovida pelo DDA cloreto. A resposta imune celular, avaliada pela reação de hipersensibilidade cutânea tardia, foi 17,8 maior no grupo B. Esses resultados demonstram que o DDA cloreto é um potente ativador da resposta imune humoral e celular de cobaios imunizados com o toxóide tetânico. Adjuvant effect of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride in tetanic toxoid preparations Abstract Two vaccines were formulated with the same concentration of antigen and different adjuvants to assess the performance of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride (DDA chloride) in boosting the immune response in guinea pigs immunized with tetanic toxoid. Vaccine A was adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide and vaccine B contained an association of aluminum hydroxide and DDA chloride. The antitoxin titres in the immunized guinea pig sera were assessed serum neutralization in mice using a toxin containing one Lp/10 dose (paralytic limit). The inclusion of DDA chloride in vaccines made up of tetanic toxoid adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide causes a greater activation of the humoral and cell immune response in guinea pigs when compared with the animals which received the antigen adsorbed only with aluminum hydroxide. The animals which received vaccine B had 2.66 times more neutralizing antibodies than those which received vaccine A, showing the boosting of the humoral immune response caused by DDA chloride. The animals from group B also had a strong immune cell response by the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, which was 17.8 times higher than group A. These results show that DDA chloride is a potent activator of the humoral and cell immune response in guinea pigs immunized with tetanic toxoid

Effects of gaps in priorities between ideal and real lives on psychological burnout among academic faculty members at a medical university in Japan: a cross-sectional study

Background: Accumulating evidence from medical workforce research indicates that poor work/life balance and increased work/home conflict induce psychological distress. In this study we aim to examine the existence of a priority gap between ideal and real lives, and its association with psychological burnout among academic professionals. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, conducted in 2014, included faculty members (228 men, 102 women) at a single medical university in Tokyo, Japan. The outcome of interest was psychological burnout, measured with a validated inventory. Discordance between ideal-and real-life priorities, based on participants' responses (work, family, individual life, combinations thereof), was defined as a priority gap. Results: The majority (64%) of participants chose "work" as the greatest priority in real life, but only 28% chose "work" as the greatest priority in their conception of an ideal life. Priority gaps were identified in 59.5% of respondents. A stepwise multivariable general linear model demonstrated that burnout scores were associated positively with respondents' current position (P < 0.0018) and the presence of a priority gap (P < 0.0001), and negatively with the presence of social support (P < 0.0001). Among participants reporting priority gaps, burnout scores were significantly lower in those with children than in those with no children (P-interaction = 0.011); no such trend was observed in participants with no priority gap. Conclusions: A gap in priorities between an ideal and real life was associated with an increased risk of burnout, and the presence of children, which is a type of "family" social support, had a mitigating effect on burnout among those reporting priority gaps

Variability of automated carotid intima-media thickness measurements by novice operators

Carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) measurements provide a non-invasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to assess the inter- and intra-observer variability of automated C-IMT measurements undertaken by two novice operators using the Panasonic CardioHealth Station. Participants were free from cardio-metabolic disease, and each underwent serial bilateral C-IMT ultrasound measurements. Immediate interoperator measurement variability was calculated by comparing initial measurements taken by two operators. Immediate retest variability was calculated from two consecutive measurements and longer term variability was assessed by conducting a further scan 1 week later. Fifty apparently healthy participants (n = 20 females), aged 26·2 ± 5·0 years, were recruited. Operator 1 recorded a median (interquartile range) right and left-sided C-IMT of 0·471 mm (0·072 mm) and 0·462 mm (0·047 mm). Female's right and left C-IMT were 0·442 mm (0·049 mm) and 0·451 mm (0·063 mm), respectively. The limits of agreement (LoA) for immediate interoperator variability were −0·063 to 0·056 mm (mean bias −0·003 mm). Operator 1's immediate retest intra-operator LoA were −0·057 to 0·046 mm (mean bias was −0·005 mm). One-week LoA were −0·057 to 0·050 mm (mean bias −0·003 mm). Operator 2 recorded median right and left-sided C-IMT of 0·467 mm (0·089 mm) and 0·458 mm (0·046 mm) for males, respectively, whilst female measurements were 0·441 mm (0·052 mm) and 0·444 mm (0·054 mm), respectively. Operator 2's intra-operator immediate retest LoA were −0·056 to 0·056 (mean bias <−0·001 mm). Intra-operator LoA at 1 week were −0·052 to 0·068 mm (mean bias 0·008 mm). Novice operators produce acceptable short-term and 1-week inter- and intra-operator C-IMT measurement variability in healthy, young to middle-aged adults using the Panasonic CardioHealth Station

自己血小板貯血における採血前ヘパリン投与が採取血小板の凝集能に及ぼす影響に関する検討

心臓大血管の手術において術中止血に難渋する場合や大量輸血を要する場合がある.特に血小板製剤は供給量が限られており,自己血貯血,血小板成分貯血の有用性が報告されている.術中自己血小板採取には約90分を要するが,ヘパリンの採取血小板機能への影響は不明であり,採取終了まで人工心肺を開始できないことから,手術時間が延長しているのが現状である.ヘパリンによる自己多血小板血漿(PRP)への影響がなければ,採取と同時に手術の進行が可能となり,手術時間の短縮が期待できる.今回我々は,全身麻酔下にブタを用いて,成分採血装置COMPONENT COLLECTION SYSTEM(HAEMONETICS社)による自己血小板採取を行い,ヘパリンがPRPの血小板凝集能に与える影響を検討した.1頭のブタに対し1週間の間隔を置いて2度の採血を行い,1度目はヘパリン非投与群(N群)とヘパリン投与群(H1群)の採血を行い,2度目はヘパリン投与群のみ(H2群)採血を行った.N群とH群で採取した血小板数および血小板凝集能の比較を行った.血小板凝集能はHEMA TRACER 712(MCM社)にて測定した.本研究は川崎医科大学動物実験委員会の承認を得て行った.データ数はN群7例,H群12例(H1群7例,H2群5例)であった.PRP中の血小板数はN群で153.6±67.6×10^4 /μl,H群で142.8±47.6×104 /μlであり,有意差はなかった(p=0.6857).また,血小板の最大凝集率はN群,H群で凝集惹起物質濃度がADP2μMで32.1±9.2,24.1±13.6%(p=0.183),ADP4μMで44.6±6.4,33.5±13.3%(p=0.057),Collagen2μg/mlで43.4±28.5,28.8±16.4%(p=0.176)と有意差は認めなかったが,高濃度のADPの場合のみH群でより低い傾向にあった.今回の実験ではヘパリン投与前後で採取した自己血小板の凝集能に差は認めず,PRP中の血小板数および血小板機能はヘパリンの影響は受けないと結論できる.よって,今後は臨床での術中自己血小板採取の有用性について研究を進めていく.Homologous platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) is used during cardiovascular surgery. A shortage of homologous HPRP has been highlighted recently, and autologous platelet-rich plasma (APRP) is an alternative. It takes approximately 90 min before heparin administration to collect APRP during surgery, so this procedure delays surgical treatment. Collection of APRP after systemic heparinization (SH) could be beneficial for surgical procedures. We clarified the impact of SH on the function of collected autologous platelets. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Kawasaki Medical School (Kurashiki, Japan). We undertook collection of APRP using a COMPONENT COLLECTION SYSTEM (Haemonetics, Braintree, MA, USA) in pigs under general anesthesia. We examined the influence of heparin upon the ability of APRP to aggregate platelets. Blood collection was conducted twice from each pig at an interval of 1 week. First, we collected APRP before SH (N group), followed by sequential collection after SH (H1 group). One week after the first experiment, collection of APRP was made only after SH (H2 group). Capacity for platelet aggregation was measured using HEMA TRACER^[○!R] 712 (MCM, Tokyo, Japan) and compared between the N group and H group. Collected data were seven in the N group and twelve in the H group from six pigs. Platelet count of APRP (×104/μl) was 153.6±67.6 in the N group and 142.8±47.6 in the H group, and the difference was not significant (p=0.6857). Maximum platelet aggregation in the N group and H group was 32.1±9.2 and 24.1± 13.6% (p=0.183) in adenosine diphosphate (ADP;2μM), 44.6±6.4 and 33.5±13.3% (p=0.057) in ADP (4μM) and 43.4±28.5 and 28.8±16.4% (p=0.176) in collagen (2μg/ml). Capacity of APRP to aggregate platelets was lower in the H group compared with that in the N group, but not significantly lower. We conclude that SH does not affect the platelet count and capacity for platelet aggregation of APRP. These promising results could lead to clinical application of APRP after SH