732 research outputs found
Chemically sector-zoned garnets in the metapelitic rocks of the Silgará Formation in the central Santander Massif, colombian andes: occurrence and growth history
Almandine-rich garnet in the Silgará Formation metapelitic rocks in the central Santander Massif usually shows concentric normal chemical zoning. However, different types of garnet zoning have been reported, including chemically sector-zoned garnet, which is described here. Recent studies reveal additional discoveries of this type of zoning in different localities. Textural sector-zoned garnets have been observed in the staurolite-kyanite metamorphic zone of the Silgará Formation. They are generally fine-grained (0.25-2.00 mm in diameter), and occur in quartz-rich bands with other textural types of garnet (skeletal and poikiloblastic). The study of the chemically sector-zoned garnet indicates that it has grown in the latest stage of the Silgará Formation metamorphism, during the emplacement of orthogneiss masses. Studies on garnet from the Silgará Formation pelitic rocks have shown the importance of this as a key piece for interpretation of the tectono-metamorphic history of this metamorphic unit.El granate tipo almandino en las rocas metapelíticas de la Formación Silgará en la región central del Macizo de Santander usualmente muestra zonación química concéntrica normal. Sin embargo, se han reportado diferentes tipos de zonación en el granate, incluyendo el granate químicamente sector-zonado, el cual es descrito aquí. Estudios recientes revelan descubrimientos adicionales de este tipo de zonación en diferentes localidades. Los granates que exhiben zonación sectorial textural han sido observados en la zona metamórfica de la estaurolitacianita de la Formación Silgará. Estos son generalmente de grano fino (0.25-2.00 mm de diámetro), y ocurren en bandas ricas en cuarzo junto con otros tipos texturales de granate (esqueletal y poiquiloblástico). El estudio del granate químicamente sector-zonado indica que este creció en la etapa tardía de metamorfismo de la Formación Silgará, durante el emplazamiento de masas de ortoneis. Estudios sobre el granate en las rocas pelíticas de la Formación Silgará han mostrado su importancia como pieza clave en la interpretación de la historia tectonometamórfica de esta unidad metamórfica.
 
Beyond pairs: definition and interpretation of third-order structure in spatial point patterns
Spatial distributions of biological species are an important source of information for understanding local interactions at the scale of individuals. Technological advances have made it easier to measure these distributions as spatial point patterns, specifying the locations of individuals. Extensive attention has been devoted to analyzing the second-order structure of such point patterns by focusing on pairs of individuals, and it is well known that the local crowdedness of individuals can thus be quantified. Statistical measures such as a point pattern's pair correlation function or Ripley's K function show whether a given point pattern is clustered (excess of short-distance pairs) or overdispersed (shortage of short-distance pairs). These notions are naturally defined in comparison with control patterns exhibiting complete spatial randomness, i.e., an absence of any spatial structure. However, here is no rational reason why the analysis of point patterns should stop at the second order. In this paper, we focus on triplets of individuals in an attempt to quantify and interpret the third-order structure of a point pattern. We demonstrate that point patterns with 'bandedness', in which individuals are primarily distributed within bands, can be detected by an excess of thinner triplets at a characteristic spatial scale linked to the band's width. In this context, we show how the generation of control patterns as a reference for gauging a test pattern's triplet frequencies is critical for defining and interpreting the third-order structure of point patterns. Since perfect information on a point pattern's second-order structure typically suffices for its unique reconstruction (up to translation, rotation, and reflection), we conjecture that it is essential to minimally coarse-grain such second-order information before using it to generate control patterns for identifying a point pattern's third-order structure. We recommend the further exploration of this conjecture for future studies
Efficient magneto-optical trapping of Yb atoms with a violet laser diode
We report the first efficient trapping of rare-earth Yb atoms with a
high-power violet laser diode (LD). An injection-locked violet LD with a 25 mW
frequency-stabilized output was used for the magneto-optical trapping (MOT) of
fermionic as well as bosonic Yb isotopes. A typical number of
atoms for Yb with a trap density of cm was
obtained. A 10 mW violet external-cavity LD (ECLD) was used for the
one-dimensional (1D) slowing of an effusive Yb atomic beam without a Zeeman
slower resulting in a 35-fold increase in the number of trapped atoms. The
overall characteristics of our compact violet MOT, e.g., the loss time of 1 s,
the loading time of 400 ms, and the cloud temperature of 0.7 mK, are comparable
to those in previously reported violet Yb MOTs, yet with a greatly reduced cost
and complexity of the experiment.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, Phys. Rev. A (to be published
Bose-Einstein Condensation in a CO_2-laser Optical Dipole Trap
We report on the achieving of Bose-Einstein condensation of a dilute atomic
gas based on trapping atoms in tightly confining CO_2-laser dipole potentials.
Quantum degeneracy of rubidium atoms is reached by direct evaporative cooling
in both crossed and single beam trapping geometries. At the heart of these
all-optical condensation experiments is the ability to obtain high initial
atomic densities in quasistatic dipole traps by laser cooling techniques.
Finally, we demonstrate the formation of a condensate in a field insensitive
m_F=0 spin projection only. This suppresses fluctuations of the chemical
potential from stray magnetic fields.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Green's function of fully anharmonic lattice vibration
Motivated by the discovery of superconductivity in beta-pyrochlore oxides, we
study property of rattling motion coupled with conduction electrons. We derive
the general expression of the Green's function of fully anharmonic lattice
vibration within the accuracy of the second order perturbation of electron-ion
interaction by introducing self-energy, vertex-correction, and normalization
factor for each transition. Using the expression, we discuss the characteristic
properties of the spectral function in the entire range from weakly anharmonic
potential to double-well case, and calculate NMR relaxation rate due to the two
phonon Raman process
Chemically sector-zoned garnets in the metapelitic rocks of the Silgará Formation in the central Santander Massif, colombian andes: occurrence and growth history
Almandine-rich garnet in the Silgará Formation metapelitic rocks in the central Santander Massif usually shows concentric normal chemical zoning. However, different types of garnet zoning have been reported, including chemically sector-zoned garnet, which is described here. Recent studies reveal additional discoveries of this type of zoning in different localities. Textural sector-zoned garnets have been observed in the staurolite-kyanite metamorphic zone of the Silgará Formation. They are generally fine-grained (0.25-2.00 mm in diameter), and occur in quartz-rich bands with other textural types of garnet (skeletal and poikiloblastic). The study of the chemically sector-zoned garnet indicates that it has grown in the latest stage of the Silgará Formation metamorphism, during the emplacement of orthogneiss masses. Studies on garnet from the Silgará Formation pelitic rocks have shown the importance of this as a key piece for interpretation of the tectono-metamorphic history of this metamorphic unit.El granate tipo almandino en las rocas metapelíticas de la Formación Silgará en la región central del Macizo de Santander usualmente muestra zonación química concéntrica normal. Sin embargo, se han reportado diferentes tipos de zonación en el granate, incluyendo el granate químicamente sector-zonado, el cual es descrito aquí. Estudios recientes revelan descubrimientos adicionales de este tipo de zonación en diferentes localidades. Los granates que exhiben zonación sectorial textural han sido observados en la zona metamórfica de la estaurolitacianita de la Formación Silgará. Estos son generalmente de grano fino (0.25-2.00 mm de diámetro), y ocurren en bandas ricas en cuarzo junto con otros tipos texturales de granate (esqueletal y poiquiloblástico). El estudio del granate químicamente sector-zonado indica que este creció en la etapa tardía de metamorfismo de la Formación Silgará, durante el emplazamiento de masas de ortoneis. Estudios sobre el granate en las rocas pelíticas de la Formación Silgará han mostrado su importancia como pieza clave en la interpretación de la historia tectonometamórfica de esta unidad metamórfica.
 
All-optical formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate for applications in scanning electron microscopy
We report on the production of a F=1 spinor condensate of 87Rb atoms in a
single beam optical dipole trap formed by a focused CO2 laser. The condensate
is produced 13mm below the tip of a scanning electron microscope employing
standard all-optical techniques. The condensate fraction contains up to 100,000
atoms and we achieve a duty cycle of less than 10s.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Optimized production of a cesium Bose-Einstein condensate
We report on the optimized production of a Bose-Einstein condensate of cesium
atoms using an optical trapping approach. Based on an improved trap loading and
evaporation scheme we obtain more than atoms in the condensed phase. To
test the tunability of the interaction in the condensate we study the expansion
of the condensate as a function of scattering length. We further excite strong
oscillations of the trapped condensate by rapidly varying the interaction
strength.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Appl. Phys.
Anomalous infrared spectra of hybridized phonons in type-I clathrate BaGaGe
The optical conductivity spectra of the rattling phonons in the clathrate
BaGaGe are investigated in detail by use of the terahertz
time-domain spectroscopy. The experiment has revealed that the lowest-lying
vibrational mode of a Ba(2) ion consists of a sharp Lorentzian peak at
1.2 THz superimposed on a broad tail weighted in the lower frequency regime
around 1.0 THz. With decreasing temperature, an unexpected linewidth broadening
of the phonon peak is observed, together with monotonic softening of the phonon
peak and the enhancement of the tail structure. These observed anomalies are
discussed in terms of impurity scattering effects on the hybridized phonon
system of rattling and acoustic phonons.Comment: Submitted to JPS
Blue laser cooling transitions in Tm I
We have studied possible candidates for laser cooling transitions in
Tm in the spectral region 410 -- 420 nm. By means of saturation
absorption spectroscopy we have measured the hyperfine structure and rates of
two nearly closed cycling transitions from the ground state
to upper states
at
410.6 nm and
at
420.4 nm and evaluated the life times of the excited levels as 15.9(8) ns and
48(6) ns respectively. Decay rates from these levels to neighboring
opposite-parity levels are evaluated by means of Hartree-Fock calculations. We
conclude, that the strong transition at 410.6 nm has an optical leak rate of
less then and can be used for efficient laser cooling of
Tm from a thermal atomic beam. The hyperfine structure of two other
even-parity levels which can be excited from the ground state at 409.5 nm and
418.9 nm is also measured by the same technique. In addition we give a
calculated value of s for the rate of magnetic-dipole transition
at 1.14 m between the fine structure levels
of the ground state which can be
considered as a candidate for applications in atomic clocks.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
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