Learn from history : Lessons from early modern Japanese physics experiment textbooks

The aim of our study is to explore the early history of the education of physics experiments in the Meiji era of Japan (1868 - 1912). In this paper, we examine three Japanese physics experiment textbooks which were published during 1880s. One characteristic feature is that the most of the experiments could be performed using simple handmade apparatuses. We consider what can be learned from the ingenuity of physics education pioneers of the late 19th century

女子学生の安静時代謝と体組成、生活活動について

女子学生を対照に、安静時代謝測定、身体計測、生活時間調査を行い、その安静時エネルギー消費量と体組成の関係、1日の消費エネルギー量と体組成の関係について検討を行なった。なお生活時間調査は、平日の時間的ゆとりのある日、多忙な日、休日の3パターンを設定して観察した。実験Iの空腹時換気量(VE)は6.5±1.46l/minで、実験IIの随時換気量(VE)は7.5±1.51l/minであり有意差が見られた(p<0.001)。実験IIは食後約4時間経過した値であるが、これは特異動的作用の影響を受け、空腹状態の実験Iよりは代謝亢進の状態にあるものと考えた。しかし酸素消費量(VO_2)は実験I、IIともに一致し、0.23±0.05l/min、安静時エネルギー消費量(REE)は実験I1555±367.59kcal/day、実験II1604±351.31kcal/dayであった。REE実測値に対する基礎代謝量の倍率は、実験I1.29倍、実験II1.33倍を示したが、これは通常REE計算値で使用されている基礎代謝量の1.2倍よりも高倍率であった。生活時間調査から得られたエネルギー消費量(kcal/day)は、「平日・ゆとりあり」1931±304.50kcal/day、「平日・多忙」2043±342.27kcal/day、「休日」2039±375.97kcal/dayで、3パターンの平均値は2004±291.78kcal/dayであった。生活活動強度指数は「平日・ゆとりあり」が1.27±0.13であるのに対し、「平日・多忙」1.38±0.20(p<0.001)、「休日」1.40±0.36(p<0.05)、3パターンの平均値1.35±0.17(p<0.001)と「平日・ゆとりあり」の生活活動強度は、他よりも低いことが明らかになった。各設定日のエネルギー消費量(kcal/day)と体組成の関係を見ると「平日・ゆとりあり」のエネルギー消費量と除脂肪体重は相関係数0.699(p<0.001)であり、除脂肪体重が多い人ほど「平日・ゆとりあり」のエネルギー消費量の多い結果を示した。「平日・ゆとりあり」の日に安静状態で過ごすか、多忙な日や休日と変わりない身体活動を行なうかによって体組成に違いが出る。これは除脂肪量の増加がREEの増加につながるものと考える

女子学生の体温の実態とその認識について

健常時の体温を知る目的で、健康な女子学生423名(体調不良の57名を除く)に対して、実験室で注意事項を遵守させて行った体温測定と、自己申告による体温に関するアンケート調査(480名)を行い、その結果を解析した。測定時間は午前10時30分～12時、午後は14時～16時であり、いずれも食後1時間以上を経過後測定した。水銀体温計による平衡温測定は、腋窩の平衡時間14.5±3.0分、36.91±0.33℃、口腔は11.6±3.7分、37.07±0.28℃であった。腋窩温と口腔温の平衡温差は、前者よりも後者の方が0.16±0.22℃高く、平衡温に達するまでの時間は前者が3.0±4.4分多く要した。電子体温計による腋窩温測定は、予測36.77±0.36℃、実測36.75±0.33℃で予測時と実測時の温度間に有意差は見られない。水銀体温計腋窩温と比較すると、電子体温計腋窩温が有意に低い値であった。耳式体温計による耳内温は36.83±0.38℃であった。この値は、口腔温よりも0.20℃低く、水銀体温計の腋窩温とほぼ等しく、電子体温計腋窩温よりも高い値であり、耳内温が高いということはなかった。また、測定時刻午前と午後の比較では、午後測定の体温が有意に高いことを確認した。家庭での水銀体温計による体温測定は腋窩・口腔共に5分位で、平衡温に達する前に測定を終了していた。また、被験者は各自の「平熱」を76.3%が把握しており、平均値は36.06±0.34℃であった。水銀体温計腋窩温と比較して0.85℃低かったことからも、測定時間不足により正確な体温より低い値を平熱と認識している現状が観察される。以上の結果より、体温測定は正しい方法で行うことが大切であることは勿論、病態時のみでなく健常時に体温を測定し、各自の「平熱」を知り健康管理に役立てることが大切であると考える

Clinical and MRI Characteristics of Uterine Cervical Adenocarcinoma: Its Variants and Mimics

Adenocarcinoma currently accounts for 10–25% of all uterine cervical carcinomas and has a variety of histopathological subtypes. Among them, mucinous carcinoma gastric type is not associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and a poor prognosis, while villoglandular carcinoma has an association with high-risk HPV infection and a good prognosis. They show relatively characteristic imaging findings which can be suggested by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), though the former is sometimes difficult to be distinguished from lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Various kinds of other tumors including squamous cell carcinoma should be also differentiated on MRI, while it is currently difficult to distinguish them on MRI, and HPV screening and pathological confirmation are usually necessary for definite diagnosis and further patient management

群馬大学附属図書館所蔵理系明治期教科書-和装本-の考察 : その由来と目録

我々は群馬大学附属図書館本館書庫並びに特殊資料室に,未登録明治期教科書が大量に保管されていることを知った.蔵書の多くは旧群馬県師範学校,群馬県女子師範学校から継承されたものであった.本稿ではその中から我々による目録化がなされた理系和装本276冊を取り上げる.まず,我々による目録化に至る経緯を述べる.次いで目録作製の方針・細則を述べ,目録を掲載する.さらに,目録中の初所蔵を示す蔵書印に着目し,図書の由来ともなるその由来について考察する.We have found many textbooks, which were used in Meiji-era and have not been registered yet, in the usual and special book-stock rooms of Gunma University Library. Most of them were inherited from the Gunma Normal School and the Gunma Woman Normal School. In this report, 276 school-science Japanese-style textbooks whose lists were made by us are picked up. Our policy and specification to make the list of one book are written down and all lists are shown in tables 1～6. We discuss the origin of the textbooks by several kinds of stamps put on them

Syllable theory without syllables

The goal of this thesis is to develop a restrictive theory of syllabic structure that dispenses with constituents. It starts with a review of previous approaches, discussing how syllabic structure has been characterised by constituent labels and/or dependency relations. Although the inventory of constituents may vary from one theory to another, the status of the syllable as the maximal constituent is taken for granted in most approaches. This thesis presents two types of argument against the syllable as a constituent. First, the thesis gives a prosodic analysis of reduplication in Micronesian languages that reportedly copies an initial consonant, verifying the claim put forward in Prosodic Morphology that reduplicative templates are prosodically constrained. I show how neither the specification nor the satisfaction of the reduplicative template needs to make reference to the syllable. The second argument concerns stress in Aranda, which is reported to fall on syllables with onsets. I put forward an alternative analysis in which stress requires a foot to begin with an onset. This foot-based requirement plays a role in a wide range of languages, not just in stress assignment but also in segmental-distributional restrictions. The absence of substantive evidence for the syllable as a constituent provides strong support for models of syllabic structure, such as Government Phonology, which dispense with a syllable node. However, similar arguments can be mounted against the subsyllabic constituents postulated in Government Phonology. Drawing heavily on Dependency Phonology, the present thesis shows how two types of dependency relation alone suffice to account for all of the significant regularities attributed to these constituents. The ultimate conclusion is that all syllabic constituency is redundant. Finally, from a theoretical base comprising the two rather different frameworks of Optimality Theory and Government Phonology, the thesis makes the following proposals. First, the principles and parameters approach and the constraint ranking approach should be integrated to capture categorical and relative well-formedness. Second, syllable structure is present in lexical representation and, in line with Structure Preservation, remains unchanged in phonological output

オホーツク海北部における夏季のニシンの研究. III, 4才群の体長および鱗相の地域差について

For the purpose of elucidating the stock system of fish group chiefly composed of 4 year-old fish found around the area of the Ayan in the summers of 1971-1973, fork lengths and scale patterns of 4 year-old fish taken from the different areas in the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea were examined. It was confirmed that the mean fork length of 4 year-old fish around the area of the Ayan was consistently about 1 cm smaller than that of the eastern area of the Okhotsk. Scale patterns also differ considerably among areas and they are divided roughly into the two types of Tauisk and Ayan. The results of analyzing the ratio of distance among the annuli and the fork length estimated at the 1st annulus formation indicate that these two 4 year-old groups with the different scale patterns had lived under different circumstances after the first year of life. However, these fish groups are not always isolated from each other through the stages in development. Comparison of scale ratio Ri/fork length relationships shows that fish group in the area of the Ayan in 1973 is mixture, which arose during the third year of life, of fish with the different scale pattern of Tauisk and Ayan types. Otherwise, it was found that the fish with the specific values of scale ratio r2/r3 could be used as an indicator of presence of fish appeared around the area of the Ayan in each year

Seasonal change in daily ration of brown sole Pleuronectes herzensteini in the coastal waters of northern Niigata Prefecture, Japan

Stomach contents of 2,407 brown sole Pleuronectes herzensteini collected from the Sea of Japan off northern Niigata Prefecture, Japan, during 1982-1985 were examined to estimate daily ration. Samples were collected throughout the 24-h day. Instantaneous evacuation rate (R) was estimated from the depletion of stomach contents (percent body weight) with time during the night for using Elliott and Persson's (1978) model. When the obvious feeding periodicity was not seen, R was estimated from the relationship between R and temperature (T) described by Durbin et al. (1983); R=0.043e^0.115T. Gastric evacuation rates were used in conjunction with the field data to estimate the daily ration. Brown sole fed mainly on polychaetes through the year except April 1984. Bregmaceros japonicus (Pisces; Bregmacerotidae) was an important component of the diet in April 1984. Daily ration was high during the post-spawning season and highest in May (4.75% of body weight). In autumn and winter, the daily ration was low and was lowest in February/March, just before the spawning season (0.48% of body weight). The seasonal variation of the daily ration seems to be closely related to physiological conditions. It is estimated that the annual ration was about 831.5% of body weight and about 8,870 metric tons of food were consumed by brown sole per year in this study area.International Symposium on North Pacific Flatfish. 26-28 October 1994. Anchorage, Alaska, USA