Morbidade de menores de um ano em Hospital Escola - referência e contra-referência.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Pediatria, Curso de Medicina, Florianópolis, 198

O que todo estudante deve saber sobre a repressão: a polícia política de Vargas investigando a União Nacional dos Estudantes em 1943

Esta trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a União Nacional dos Estudantes, entidade representativa dos estudantes do Brasil, e sobre como suas atividades foram monitoradas pela polícia política do Estado Novo, no ano de 1943. Para isso, além da bibliografia de referência sobre o movimento estudantil e sobre o governo Vargas e sua polícia política, são analisadas as informações contidas em um relatório anual da Delegacia Especial de Segurança Política e Social do Distrito Federal, que acompanhou toda a atividade dos movimentos sociais no ano em questão

Thermoanalytical studies of carbamazepine: hydration/dehydration, thermal decomposition, and solid phase transitions

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely used anticonvulsant drug, can crystallize and exhibits four polymorphic forms and one dihydrate. Anhydrous CBZ can spontaneously absorb water and convert to the hydrate form whose different crystallinity leads to lower biological activity. The present study was concerned to the possibility of recovering the hydrated form by heating. The thermal behavior of spontaneously hydrated carbamazepine was investigated by TG/DTG-DTA and DSC in dynamic atmospheres of air and nitrogen, which revealed that the spontaneous hydration of this pharmaceutical resulted in a Form III hydrate with 1.5 water molecules. After dehydration, this anhydrous Form III converted to Form I, which melted and decomposed in a single event, releasing isocyanic acid, as shown by evolved gas analysis using TG-FTIR. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed that Form III melted and crystallized as Form I, and that subsequent cooling cycles only generated Form I by crystallization. Solid state decomposition kinetic studies showed that there was no change in the substance after the elimination of water by heating to 120 °C. Activation energies of 98 ± 2 and 93 ± 2 kJ mol-1 were found for the hydrated and dried samples, respectively, and similar profiles of activation energy as a function of conversion factor were observed for these samples.A carbamazepina (CBZ) é um anticonvulsivante frequentemente utilizado no Brasil e em vários países. Ela apresenta quatro formas polimórficas e um diidrato. Todas as formas são ativas farmacologicamente, porém a Forma III é a preferível do ponto de vista farmacêutico, em função de suas propriedades físico-químicas. Entretanto, essa forma é altamente higroscópica, podendo converter-se ao diidrato, menos ativo biologicamente. Nesse trabalho propõe-se avaliar o comportamento térmico da forma hidratada, visando à recuperação da forma ativa, por aquecimento. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo do comportamento térmico por TG/DTG-DTA e DSC em atmosfera dinâmica de ar e nitrogênio, que evidenciou hidratação espontânea da Forma III, gerando um hidrato contendo 1,5 moléculas de água. Essa forma sofre desidratação, seguida de fusão e conversão para a Forma I. Segue-se a decomposição em uma única etapa, na qual ocorre liberação do ácido isociânico, conforme análise de gases evolvidos, por termogravimetria acoplada ao infravermelho (TG-FTIR). Estudos por calorimetria exploratória diferencial mostraram que a Forma III se funde e se cristaliza imediatamente na Forma I, durante o aquecimento. A Forma I também se funde e ciclos de aquecimento/resfriamento posteriores evidenciaram que a substância se cristaliza apenas na Forma I por resfriamento. Estudos cinéticos da decomposição, em estado sólido, mostraram que não há alteração na substância pela eliminação da água por aquecimento, sendo determinados valores de energia de ativação da ordem de 98 ± 2 e 93 ± 2 kJ mol-1, respectivamente, para a amostra hidratada e submetida à secagem, assim como perfis semelhantes nas curvas de energia de ativação em função do fator de conversão

Acquired Diaphragmatic Eventration in a Dog

Background: Diaphragmatic eventration is characterized by weakness of the diaphragmatic muscle, which leads to cranial dislocation of the affected diaphragm and, ultimately, in dyspnea. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in animals, and may be congenital or acquired. The acquired form is less commom and may be induced by trauma or inflammation and neoplastic invasion of the phrenic nerve. Here, we report a case of acquired diaphragmatic eventration in a dog, with the aim of increasing the knowledge of this condition in animals and helping others to recognize and treat future cases.Case: A 12-year-old male dachshund presented with severe dyspnea, exercise intolerance and episodes of coughing. Based on a physical examination and imaging, the main suspicion was a diaphragmatic hernia, and surgery was performed. When the surgeon entered the thoracic cavity, an extremely thin - yet, intact - right hemidiaphragm was observed. The left side of the diaphragm was normal. A polypropylene mesh was sutured to the affected diaphragm in an attempt to strengthen the hemidiaphragmatic muscles and prevent further insinuations of viscera into the thoracic cavity. The dog developed bronchopneumonia, postoperatively, and was hospitalized and treated with antibiotics, analgesics and support medication. However, the dog died five days after surgery. A postmortem examination revealed that the right side of the diaphragm was markedly thin and flaccid. Diaphragm samples were collected for histopathological examination. For comparison, a sample of normal diaphragm was collected from a same age, matched dachshund that died due to an unrelated condition. This tissue was called “diaphragm control”, and it was collected in order to compare the histologic features of a normal diaphragm muscle with the affected one. Histopathology revealed a marked reduction of muscle fibers. In the affected sample, replacement of these fibers by fibrous connective tissue and a marked infiltration of fat were seen among the remaining muscle fibers.  Multifocal areas of necrosis were also observed affecting some muscles fibers. Microscopic comparisons of both diaphragm samples (affected vs. control) revealed a drastic difference in the amount of muscle fibers and fat, corroborating the intense diaphragmatic atrophy observed in the diaphragm from the affected dog. Based on clinical presentation, the gross lesions observed during surgery and later during the post mortem examination, and histopathological findings, a definitive diagnosis of acquired diaphragmatic eventration was established.Discussion: Diaphragmatic eventration is rarely reported in small animal clinics and thus may be confused with other conditions. It must be mainly differentiated from diaphragmatic hernia and should be considered as a differential diagnosis when an animal, regardless of age, presents with dyspnea, apathy and coughing episodes.  On suspecting diaphragmatic eventration, surgical intervention should be carried out as soon as possible. The recommended treatment is plication of the affected hemidiaphragm. However, in the present case, a polypropylene mesh was sutured to the affected area to support the atrophic muscles. It is thought that, trauma injured the dog’s phrenic nerve, affecting right hemidiaphragmatic innervation, and generating progressive atrophy of diaphragmatic muscle fibers. Subsequently, the dog developed diaphragmatic eventration due to diaphragmatic fragility. Diaphragmatic eventration is a very rare disorder in small animals and can be difficult to diagnose based solely on physical and radiographic examinations

Uma proposta de discussão da relação entre desenvolvimento humano e a eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais preponderantes em alguns países democráticos ocidentais

Este artigo se propôs, a partir da pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica, a expor as principais teorias sobre o efeito horizontal das normas de direito fundamental e a expor sua correlação com o desenvolvimento de alguns países ocidentais considerados democráticos. O desenvolvimento tido com base nos indicativos do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano – IDH pelo PNUD/ONU, foi utilizado no método comparativo, de forma a tentar correlacionar a eficácia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais com o nível de desenvolvimento geral destes países, especificamente no que concerne a sua visão histórica sobre a autonomia privada e o permissivo a sua limitação pelos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas

A EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA, O TELETRABALHO E O DIREITO: OS PROFISSIONAIS DA DOCÊNCIA NA EDUCAÇÃO VIRTUAL

A educação à distância se firmou como modalidade educacional pelo seu forte potencial educacional aliado quase sempre ao baixo custo. Ao priorizar exclusivamente o plano econômico, as administrações de escolares prejudicaram sobremaneira a sua imagem em relação à educação presencial e principalmente a condição dos docentes. A docência a distância é uma modalidade de trabalho atrativa e nociva ao professor ou tutor. Os contratos de trabalho nesta modalidade são celebrados de forma precária, com baixa remuneração e excesso de atividades laborais. As condições de trabalho e remuneração subvalorizam a docência à distância. A metodologia utilizada foi a da pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica e documental

Laser Ablation in Liquid: An Unconventional, Fast, Clean and Straightforward Technique for Material Preparation

The laser ablation in liquid environment (LALE) technique is a straightforward experimental technique with few controllable parameters, capable to provide extreme pressure and temperature conditions during target ablation without the need for dedicated systems to provide those variables. Additionally, we can state that LALE can be considered a low-cost experimental technique, with few steps and a clean synthesis method, by which a wide variety of materials can be synthesized with high yield. The majority of studies published in the literature using this technique seem to be limited only to the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, nitrates and semiconducting. However, in order to extend the synthesis potential of this technique, in this chapter we are going to demonstrate that with the appropriate choice of reactants, solvent, target materials and the solid-liquid interface interactions we will be able to prepare more complex molecules such as carbonate compound Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs), highly dispersed CdS quantum dots and magnetic materials. Also for each material synthesized, we are going to propose a mechanism to explain its preparation using the LALE technique

Metamizol and Scopolamine for Conventional or Two-Port Laparoscopic-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Background: Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is one of the most appliedtechniques in Veterinary Medicine. Although some analgesic protocols are used after this procedure in order to control post operatory pain, there is a lack of knowledge of the efficacy after conventional and two port laparoscopic-assisted techniques in dog female. Although the combined formulation of metamizol and scopolamine is used, there is no knowledge about the efficacy and collateral effects in a 6 h regimen after OVH. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of metamizol and scopolamine to analgesia after two techniques of OVH in dog female.Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adults and healthy dog female were submitted to OVH, being eight to the conventional procedure and seven to video assisted technic with two ports. The patients received a combination of metamizol and scopolamine, 6-6 h during 48 h and were evaluated before surgery, 60 min after extubation and on 1 h interval during the first 8 h, and at 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after surgery. For this, the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) and the short-form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) were applied by three evaluators blinded to surgical technic. Glucoses measurement was realized at 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery. Analgesic rescue was not necessary for any animal. Punctuation of UMPS in GC decreases at 8 h and at 5 h, and to GV at 12 and 24 h. Difference between groups happened at 3 h with larger average to GV; at 48 h the punctuation in GC was lager. Considering CMPS-SF to CG, higher average was observed at 1 h and decreased at 2, 3, 8 and 18. At GV highest average points was verified at 1, 2 and 3 h and decreased at 5, 8 and 18 h. Correlation was strong and positive between each two evaluators. Animals of both groups had increased average glucose concentrations from baseline to after surgery and the values reduced to baseline after 24 h; difference between groups were observed at 1 h after surgery, with bigger average to GC. Three animals from the GC had postoperative emesis and one patient vomited after 3 h; other at 6 h and another at 36 and 48 h and owners related no vomiting or changes following hospital discharge. The time to first spontaneous food intake was earlier to GV and time to first defecation was no different between groups. Discussion: For the evaluation it was used the UMPS and CMPS-SF since it is know that pain assessment is better performed when multidimensional or composite scales are used. Considering the UMPS, 27 points is considered the most painful condition. In our study it was observed bigger average to GC at 1 h (4,5) and to GV at 2 and 3 h (5,0). According to CMPS-SF, higher punctuation to GC (7.0) was observed than GV (6,0) in a maximum of 24 points. Considering both scales, it could be suggested that the combination of metamizol and scopolamine promote good analgesic effect. The glucoses measurements and the first spontaneous food intake suggested that laparoscopic approaches results in less stress than the traditional procedures, as observed in other studies. Three animals of GC had postoperative emesis, and it signal can be associated to abdominal pain, as well nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal distention, probably because it is accepted that video surgery promotes less pain and stress than open procedures. The protocol was efficient to control pain after elective conventional and laparoscopic assisted OHV technique in dog female.

KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF RISKS RELATED TO SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS AMONG YOUNG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento acerca das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e sua influência na percepção de risco entre jovens universitários. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em uma universidade privada no Rio de Janeiro, com 768 estudantes na faixa etária de 18 a 29 anos. O instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado foi um questionário. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio do Software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, sendo aplicados os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e a análise de variância. Resultados: os jovens universitários possuíam conhecimento abaixo da média em relação às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. No que diz respeito à percepção de risco, os jovens acreditam que é impossível ou pouco possível a chance de serem infectados. Conclusão: o conhecimento dos estudantes universitários acerca das formas de transmissão das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis ficou abaixo do esperado, podendo, dessa forma, refletir na baixa percepção de risco acerca das infecções.Objective: To analyze knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Infections and its influence on the perception of risk among university students. Method:Cross-sectional study, conducted in a private university in Rio de Janeiro, with 768 students aged 18-29 years. A questionnaire was used for datacollection. Data analysis was performed with the aid of SPSS software, and Pearson’s chi-square test and e analysis of variance were applied. Results:The young university students had below-average knowledge of sexually transmitted infections. Regarding risk perception, the participants said theybelieved it was impossible or somewhat possible only that they were infected by STDs. Conclusion: The knowledge of university students about thetransmission of sexually transmitted infections was lower than expected and could therefore reflect their low perception of the risk of infections

Germinação de sementes de Senna macranthera, Senna multijuga e Stryphnodendron polyphyllum

With the aim of contributing to the knowledge about the wood legume Senna macranthera and Senna multijuga (Caesalpinaceae), and Stryphnodendron polyphyllum (Mimosaceae) seed germination, the seed imbibition curves were determined to identify the coat-imposed dormancy, and the procedures to overcome it with mechanical or chemical scarification. The coat impermeability was present in these three species and, the mechanical scarification was the most effective treatment to break the dormancy (germination percent up 80%). In S. macranthera, the chemical scarification with sulfuric acid by 12 minutes showed similar efficiency to the mechanical scarification. A variation in coat permeability between non-scarified seeds of S. polyphyllum was observed.Com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a germinação de Senna macranthera e Senna multijuga (Caesalpinaceae) e Stryphnodendron polyphyllum (Mimosaceae), foram determinadas as curvas de embebição das sementes para identificar o grau de dormência imposta pelo tegumento e os procedimentos para superá-la (escarificação mecânica ou química). Nas três espécies verificou-se a presença de tegumento impermeável e a escarificação mecânica foi o tratamento mais eficiente para quebrar a dormência, com porcentagem de germinação superior à 80%. Em S. macranthera a escarificação química em ácido sulfúrico durante 12 minutos apresentou eficiência similar à escarificação mecânica. Observou-se também uma variação na permeabilidade do tegumento entre as sementes não-escarificadas de S. polyphyllum