Research on Pupils' Progress of Mathematical Ability at Lower Secondary School Level (4) : Considering the "Number" of Test Points

Kassel-Exeter Projectによって開発された共通問題を用いて, 日本の中学生の数学的能力の発達・変容を調査し, その検討を通して, よりよい数学教育に向けての示唆を得ることが本研究の目的である。「数」調査問題をもとに1019名の公立中学校2, 3年生を対象とする調査を行ったところ, 日本の中学生の「数」得点は1年次からすでに高いレベルにあり, そのレベルを維持したままで, イギリス・ドイツなどと比して遜色のない程度の伸びを示していることがわかった。さらに, 問題ごとの正答率の変容に着目すると同時に, 被験者を3つの群に層化することによって, 正答率の変容の要因を分析した。その結果, 数学学習に対する「潜在力」の高い生徒および「潜在力」の低い生徒の「数」得点の変容に関する特徴が洗い出され, 個に応じた数学指導を考慮していく際の示唆が得られた。, The authors administered the "number" of test composed of 50 problems developed by Kassel-Exeter Project to students in Tokyo, Nara, Hiroshima, Fukuoka and Nagasaki prefectures a year earlier to identify the students' progress in mathematical ability at lower secondary school level. Analysis of the test shows that Japanese students' progress is almost comparable with the students from other countries like England and Germany, which can be attributed to the effective teaching of Mathematics.Aside from the overall analysis of the test scores, a longitudinal analysis of each problem was made. The analysis showed that Japanese pupils made remarkable progress in many problems but they showed corresponding regression on estimation of problems. Based on their points in a "potential" test, students were grouped as potentially high (PH), potentailly medium (PM) or potentially low (PL). PH students exhibited high points in comparatively difficult problem items while PL students' showed progress in comparatively easy problem items. The observed regression could be attributed to the same kind of problem items. Important implications for the improvement of the teaching of Mathematics were identified

Altered distribution of plasma PAF-AH between HDLs and other lipoproteins in hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a phospholipase A2 associated with lipoproteins that hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor (PAF) and oxidized phospholipids. We have developed an ELISA for PAF-AH that is more sensitive than previous methods, and have quantified HDL-associated and non-HDL-associated PAF-AH in healthy, hyperlipidemic, and diabetic subjects. In healthy subjects, plasma total PAF-AH concentration was positively correlated with PAF-AH activity and with plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations (all P < 0.01). HDL-associated PAF-AH concentration was correlated positively with plasma apoA-I and HDL cholesterol. Subjects with hyperlipidemia (n = 73) and diabetes mellitus (n = 87) had higher HDL-associated PAF-AH concentrations than did controls (P < 0.01). Non-HDL-associated PAF-AH concentration was lower in diabetic subjects than in controls (P < 0.01). Both hyperlipidemic and diabetic subjects had lower ratios of PAF-AH to apoB (P < 0.01) and higher ratios of PAF-AH to apoA-I (P < 0.01) than did controls. Our results show that the distribution of PAF-AH mass between HDLs and LDLs is determined partly by the concentrations of the lipoproteins and partly by the mass of enzyme per lipoprotein particle, which is disturbed in hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus

Type I Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Reduces Uremia-Induced Deterioration of Bone Material Properties

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of fractures. However, the pathophysiology of this disease is not fully understood, and limited therapeutic interventions are available. This study aimed to determine the impact of type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade (AT-1RB) on preventing CKD-related fragility fractures and elucidate its pharmacological mechanisms. AT-1RB use was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization due to fractures in 3276 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. In nephrectomized rats, administration of olmesartan suppressed osteocyte apoptosis, skeletal pentosidine accumulation, and apatite disorientation, and partially inhibited the progression of the bone elastic mechanical properties, while the bone mass was unchanged. Olmesartan suppressed angiotensin II-dependent oxidation stress and apoptosis in primary cultured osteocytes in vitro. In conclusion, angiotensin II-dependent intraskeletal oxidation stress deteriorated the bone elastic mechanical properties by promoting osteocyte apoptosis and pentosidine accumulation. Thus, AT-1RB contributes to the underlying pathogenesis of abnormal bone quality in the setting of CKD, possibly by oxidative stress. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).Wakamatsu T., Iwasaki Y., Yamamoto S., et al. Type I Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Reduces Uremia-Induced Deterioration of Bone Material Properties. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 36, 1, 67. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4159

加計呂麻諸島における地域住民の生活と福祉ニーズ : 経年比較にみる一般成人調査より (1)

鹿児島県の離島である奄美大島の南部に位置している瀬戸内町は、大島本島から更に海を隔てて3つの離島を行政区に持っている。2004年の調査時において、加計呂麻島：芝地区60.91%・花富地区75.0%、請島：請阿室58.0%・池地55.7%、与路島：52.9%は超高齢社会となっており、集落の存続自体が危うい状況にあった。 8年後の2012年にこれらの地域がどのような状況になっているのか、平成26年３月に作成した調査報告書と比較検討することでみえてきた問題点・課題点、有効な対策について論述する。Setouchi Town which lies to the south of Amami Oshima is an island in Kagoshima prefecture. Setouchi Town consists of three remote islands which have administrative districts. According to the research in 2004, in Kakeroma Island, 60.91% of Shiba district and 75.0% of Kedomi district were super-aging society; in Uke Island, so were 58.0% of Ukeamuro district and 55.7% of Ikeji district; and 52.9% of Yoro Island, too. And these districts were in difficult condition to continue as villages in 2004.Comparing the above with the conditions in these districts eight years later based on the research in March, 2014, we will discuss the problems and possible measures

島嶼集落高齢者の生きがい感に及ぼす社会関連性の影響

本研究の目的は島嶼集落に居住する高齢者の生きがい感に及ぼす社会関連性の影響を検討することである。鹿児島県の離島にある小規模自治体の高齢者に配票調査を実施し、455人の回答を分析した。生きがい感は「ふつう」レベルであり、年齢が低い方が生きがい感が高い傾向にあった。社会関連性指標の因子分析の結果、安梅（2000）と同じ5因子が見いだされた。社会関連性指標の全体の得点に性差や年齢差は見られなかった。女性の方が男性よりも得点が高いのは｢他者とのかかわり」「生活の安心感」「生活の主体性」であった。前期高齢者の方が後期高齢者よりも得点が高いのは「社会への関心」「身近な社会参加」であり、後期高齢者の方が前期高齢者よりも得点が高いのは「生活の主体性」であった。重回帰分析の結果、男女で共通して生きがい感に影響を及ぼしていた因子は「生活の安心感」「社会への関心」「生活の主体性」であった。性と年齢ともに共通して生きがい感に影響を及ぼしていた因子は「生活の主体性」であった。The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of the indices of social interaction on the feeling that life is worth living. The questionnaire was personally delivered to the elderly who live in villages of an island in Kagoshima prefecture and picked up by commissioned welfare volunteers. The number of people who responded to the question items was 455. The level of the feeling that life is worth living was moderate, and its average score of the elderly aged 75 or over was lower than those of the young-old. Factor analysis of the social interaction measures resulted in five factors as Anme (2000) found. There was no difference related to gender or age in the total score of social interaction. Females\u27 scores of "Interaction", "Feeling of safety", and "Independence" were higher than those of males. The young-old\u27s scores of "Social curiosity" and "Participation in the society" were higher than those of the elderly aged 75 or over. The old-old\u27s score of "Independence" was higher than that of the young-old. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that for both of men and women, "Feeling of safety", "Social curiosity" and "Independence" were found respectively to affect the degrees of the feeling that life is worth living. For the respondents of both gender and age, "Independence" was relevant to the degrees of feeling that life is worth living

島嶼集落における社会的かかわり状況と見守り、防災、医療体制について : 奄美市住用町における中高年者調査から

本研究の目的は奄美市住用町における中高年者の社会的かかわり状況と、見守り体制、災害への備え、医療体制などの現状と課題をアンケート調査により把握し、地域課題の改善に役立てることである。郵送調査により、５５歳以上74歳以下の476人を調査対象とし、175人から回答を得た（回収率36.8％)。回答者は夫婦世帯が多く、世帯収入は年金が多かった。地域の交流は少し減ってきていたが、地域への愛着は高かった。家族との交流、近所づき合い、相談相手、役割などは女性の方が男性よりも良好であった。見守りは自然な形でなされていたが、見守り体制作りへの要求もあった。集落の防災組織はうまく機能しているが、避難所の確保や水害対策などに課題を残していた。医療体制については診療所への肯定的評価がある一方、緊急医療や専門医療への要望が強かった。地域の課題では買い物が不便とか自然災害に弱いなど社会的・自然的課題があった。The purpose of the study was to assess the present state of the social interaction, the supporting system, the disaster prevention measures, and the medical system in Sumiyo Town of Amami City. A questionnaire was personally mailed to 476 residents of 55 to 74-year-old and later returned. The number of people who responded to the questionnaire was 175 and the rate of collection was 36.8%.The respondents to this survey were mostly couple households and their income was mainly a pension. Neighborhood interaction decreased a little. An attachment to the local community was strong. Social interaction of women (e.g. contact with family member, relations with neighbors, having counsel, and having active role) was stronger than men. Although there were spontaneous watch over activities in a natural way, the respondents hoped to have a supporting system for them. The voluntary organizations for disaster prevention were well functioned, but there were issues of making a safe shelter and establishing flood-control measures. With respect to the medical system, there was a satisfaction with the community clinic, but on the other hand, there remained demands for an emergency medical system and a specialized medical service. There were also social and natural problems that the shopping was inconvenient, the town was prone to natural disasters, and so on

奄美諸島と八重山諸島における高齢者の生活と福祉ニーズ : 調査対象者の健康状態、家族の状況、社会とのかかわり状況（１）

本研究の目的は、琉球弧の北に位歴する鹿児島県の奄美諸島と南に位歴する沖縄県の八重山諸島における島嘆地域の高齢者の生活の現状と福祉ニーズを把握することである。調査対象地は、奄美諸島の中心である奄美市(島嘆都市部)および瀬戸内町の加計呂麻島、請島、与路島(島嘆集落部)、八重山諸島の中心である石垣市(島填都市部)、および竹富町西表島西部および鳩間島(島喚集落部)であった。鹿児島県の場合、特に島填集落は過疎高齢化が進行し、集落機能の低下を余儀なくされている。沖縄県の場合、鹿児島県ほどの過疎高齢化は進んでいない状況であるが、島填地域のもつ生活上の課題を共有している。いずれも、相互扶助の伝統等の地域文化あるいはその精神が残っているという共通点を持つ地域である。本稿では、調査対象者の属性、健康状態、家族の状況、社会参加状況および社会関連性指標についての分析結果を示す。居住地域と年齢の両方に回答した対象者は714人(男性284人、女性430人)であった。健康状態では、すべての調査対象地で健康な人の割合が高かった。家族の状況では、対象地ごとに特徴がみられた。集落行事への参加は島嘆集落部の方が高かったが、社会とのかかわり状況全般では島喚集落部の方が低かった。The purpose of the study was to investigate the life styles and the social welfare needs of the elderly who live on the Amami islands and the Yaeyama islands through a questionnaire survey. The regions surveyed were the urban area of the Amami Ohshima (Amami City) and the rural area of the Kakeroma islands (Setouchi Town) in Kagoshima prefecture, and the urban area of Ishigaki island (Ishigaki City) and the rural area of Iriomote island and Hatoma island (Taketomi Town) in Okinawa Prefecture. The people who dwell on these remote islands are usually under unfavorable conditions geographically and economically and the communities there are under dysfunctional state by depopulation and aging. On the other hand, these islands keep the spirit of mutual helping and the traditional cultures. From the data of 714 respondents (284 males and 430 females) , we analyzed the health states, the family situations and the social involvements. Almost 90 percent of the elderly reported that they were healthy. There was no difference in the self-rated health condition among these islands. The number of the single elderly people was higher in Setouchi Town and the number of the multigenerational households was higher in Ishigaki City. Although the percentage of the elderly who participate in community events was higher in the rural area of Setouchi Town and Taketomi Town than in the urban area of Amami City and Ishigaki City, the index of social interaction was lower in the rural area than in the urban area

島嶼集落における社会的かかわり状況と見守り、防災、医療体制について : 奄美大島大和村における中高年者調査から

本研究の目的は奄美大島大和村における中高年者の社会的かかわり状況、見守り体制、災害への備え、医療体制などの現状と課題をアンケート調査により把握し、地域課題の改善に役立てることである。民生委員の協力を得た留置き調査により、40歳以上の1,240人を調査対象とし、928人から回答を得た（回収率74.8%）。近隣の交流は少し減ってきていた。社会とのかかわりでは女性の方が男性よりも高く、年齢が高くなるにつれ低くなる傾向にあった。自然な形での見守りがなされていたが、高齢になると見守り体制への要求もあった。集落の防災組織がうまく機能しているが、災害弱者や避難などへの対処に課題を残していた。医療体制については診療所への満足がある一方、緊急医療や専門医療への要望が強かった。地域の課題では買い物が不便とかハブの存在など社会的・自然的課題があった。The purpose of the study was to assess the present state of the social interaction, the supporting system, the disaster prevention measures, and the medical system in Yamato Village of Amami Oshima island. A questionnaire was personally delivered to 1240 residents of 40-year-old and above and later picked up by commissioned welfare volunteers. The number of people who responded to the questionnaire was 928 and the rate of collection was 74.8%.Neighborhood interaction decreased a little. Social interaction of women was higher than men. Social interaction of the elderly was lower than the younger. Although there were spontaneous watch activities in a natural way, the elderly hoped to have the local supporting system for them. The voluntary organizations for disaster prevention were well functioned, but there remained challenges of the measures for the vulnerable people and the emergency evacuation. With respect to the medical system, there was satisfaction with the community clinic, but on the other hand, there remained wishes regarding emergency medical system and specialized medical service. There were also social and natural problems that the shopping was inconvenient, and that the poisonous snake harmed people, and so on

奄美諸島と八重山諸島における地域住民の生活と福祉ニーズ : 奄美諸島と八重山諸島における一般成人調査より紐解く(2)

本研究は、奄美諸島と八重山諸島における、地域住民の生活と福祉ニーズを一般成人調査 より紐解こうとするものである。調査対象地として、島喚都市部からは奄美市と石垣市を、島喚集落 部としては瀬戸内町の加計呂麻島、請島、与路島と、竹富町からは西表島、鳩間島を選出した。両諸島とも相互扶助としての「結い」の精神の色濃く残る集落群であるが､鹿児島県と沖縄県の諸島では、集落の有り様に差異があることが明らかになった。本稿では食生活、保健・医療福祉サービス、地域の課題等についての分析結果を示す。飲酒に関しては、「毎日飲む」と答えた人は、都市部より、集落部において高かった。「生活習慣病に関する催しへの参加」では、「参加したことが無い」と回答した人は､都市部の方が高かった。地域で感じている問題点については、奄美市と瀬戸内町では「ハブ」の問題、集落部である瀬戸内町と竹富町では日常の買い物の不便があがっていた。総じて、集落部における地域問題の指摘が多かった。国や自治体に望む重点施策について、４地区とも「在宅介護のための、自宅を訪問するサービスの充実」を第１位にあげていた。The purpose of this study was to analyze the life styles and the social welfare needs of the adults who live on the Amami islands and the Yaeyama islands. The regions surveyed were the urban areas of Amami City and Ishigaki City, and the rural areas of the Kakeroma island, Uke island, Yoro island (Setouchi Town) and the rural areas of Iriomote island and Hatoma island (Taketomi Town). Both islands have kept the spirit of mutual helping and the traditional cultures. But it is clear that the conditions of the rural areas in Kagoshima Prefecture and Okinawa Prefecture are different. In this paper we report analyses of the eating habits, the evaluation of health-care services, welfare services, and other regional subjects. The number of the respondents who drink every day was larger in the rural areas of the island than in the urban areas. The number of people who participate in the events concerning life-style rerated diseases was larger in the urban areas. Regional issues in the Amami City and in the Setouchi Town were "habu", inconvenience of daily shopping in Setouchi Town and Taketomi Town, which are in the rural areas of the island. In general, there were many regional issues in the rural areas of the island. The four areas want the national and local governments to "improve the visiting service for homecare" in the first place

三重県における地域別食生活実態の公衆栄養学的考察 : 第17報 昭和60年,三重県阿山郡大山田村東小学校学童の家庭における栄養摂取状態(自然科学編)

三重県における学童の健康をめぐる食生活の今日的な課題とその栄養指導対策を得る目的で,昭和53年より平坦部市街化地域の鈴鹿市庄野小学校および山間部の阿山郡大山田村東小学校を対象として,毎年継続実施してきたが,今回は後者の本県において循環器疾患およびガン死亡率が高い地域であり,かつ,上野保健所管内のうちでも,さらに高率村である阿山郡大山田村東小学校学童のみを対象としてその家庭食事(朝食・夕食および間食)の栄養摂取状態について調査を行なった。(1)栄養素別摂取量の各栄養素別標準量に対する有意差を検討した結果は,男子においては,総たん白質および動物性たん白質の摂取量が99%の信頼度で標準量を上回っていた。女子においては,動物性たん白質の摂取量が99%の信頼度で標準量を上回っていたが,植物性たん白質の摂取量のみは99%の信頼度で標準量を下回っていた。カルシウムについては女子のみが95%の信頼度で標準量を下回っていた。ビタミンについてはビタミンB_2が女子のみ99%の信頼度で標準量を下回っていた。(2)栄養摂取量の標準量に対する充足率について男子と女子との間の有意差をうると,エネルギー,総たん白質,動物性たん白質およびビタミンB_1の各栄養素に有意差がみられとくにビタミンB_1において,女子は男子のそれよりも摂取不足が著しいことが注目された。なお,カルシウム,ビタミンB_2および繊維は男子・女子ともに摂取不足がみられた。(3)性別,各栄養素別摂取量に対する未満児を個人別にみた場合は,前述のごとく充足していた栄養素においても個人差が大きく,その摂取量の未満児が,かなり認められた。(4)PFC比の平均値については,男子・女子とも適正な範囲と見なされ,かつ,男子と女子との間には有意差はみられなかった。(5)殻物エネルギー比と動物性たん白質比との相関関係は男子・女子ともに99%の信頼度で認められた。動物性たん白質比と植物性脂肪/動物性脂肪との間の相関関係は男子において95%の信頼度で認められたが,女子においてはその相関関係は認められなかった。(6)植物性脂肪/動物性脂肪については,男子0.80,女子0.98であり,やや不適正な値を示したが,本調査では一価不飽和脂肪酸含量の多い魚油を考慮した場合は適正な値であった。魚油を含むその植物性脂肪/動物性脂肪についてもその変動係数は大きく,1.0以下の者が男子43.8%,女子30.0%の存在は否定しえず,脂肪の質についての特別な指導が必要と考えられる。(7)食塩摂取過剰と粗繊維の摂取不足傾向がみられた。(8)孤食学童・家族全員食別学童の栄養摂取量において,孤食学童にビタミンAの不足が95%信頼度で認められた。ついで,カルシウムおよびビタミンB_2においても摂取不足の傾向は認められた。Studies have been conducted continuously each year since 1978 at the Shono Elementary School in Suzuka city and the Higashi Elementary School in Ohyamada-mura, Ayama-gun, for the purposes of determining the elements of present-day diets as they relate to the health of students and to determine nutritional guidelines. The present study, however, focussed only on the students at Higashi Elementary School in Ayama-gun, which is located in a region which has a high incidence of cardiovascular disease and a high cancer-related death rate, even throughout the jurisdiction of the Ueno Health Center, and encompassed the conditions of nutrient intake of at-home diets (breakfast, dinner and between meal snacks). 1) The results of investigations into significant differences in the consumed and standard amounts of each nutrient showed, with 99% reliability, that the consumption of total and animal proteins by boys exceeded the standard levels. While the consumption of animal proteins for girls was shown with 99% reliability to be above standard levels, the consumption of vegetable proteins was below standard levels. The intake of calcium was shown, with 95% reliability, to be below the standard level only for girls, while consumption of vitamin B_2 was also shown to be below the standard level only for girls. 2) In examining differences between boys and girls in meeting standard levels of consumed nutrients, significant differences were found in the consumption of each of the energy用roducing nutrients such as total proteins, animal proteins and vitamin B_1. An inadequacy of vitamin B_1 consumption in particular, was much worse for girls than for boys. Insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin B_2 were also observed. 3) In examining individual differences of sex and amounts of each consumed nutrient for pupils who had below standard levels consumption, it was observed that great individual differences occured even in nutrients with adequate consumption levels. 4) The mean value in the PFC ratio for boys and girls fell withim the appropriate region, and no significant differences were abserved between them. 5) A correlation between the ratio of energy from cereals and the ratio of animal proteins was observed in both and girls with 99% reliability. While a correlation between the animal protein ratio and vegetable fats/animal fats was observed with 95% reliability for boys, no such correlation was observed for girls. 6) In regard to the ratio of vegetable and animal fats, values of 0.80 for boys and 0.98 for girls were determined and while these are somewhat inappropriate values, they are appropriate for this study when considered in light of the many mono・unsaturated fatty acids found in fish oils. The coefficient of variation is large for the vegetable fat/animal fat ratio which includes fish oils. The existence of pupils for whom this coefficient was less than 1.0 is undeniable at 43.8% of the boys and 30.0% of the girls. It is beliened that particular guidance is required concerning fatty substances in the diet. 7) A tendency for excessive salt intake and inadequate intake of rough fiver were observed. 8) In differentiating nutrient intake between students who ate alone and those who ate with their families, an insufficiency of vitamin A intake was observed, with 95% reliability, for students who ate alone. A tendency was also noticed towards inadequate calcium and vitamin B_2 intake