Value chain integration, cluster cooperation, and sustainable livelihoods : bridging small farmers to high value markets

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on June 3, 2011).The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file.Dissertation advisor: Dr. James Rikoon.Vita.Ph. D. University of Missouri--Columbia 2011."May 2011"This study explores the conditions for the possibility of an effective participation of small vegetable farmers in the modern value chains and the effects of this participation on the farmers' livelihood sustainability. Taking a confluence of ideas from the literatures on value chains, clustering, and sustainable livelihoods, it examines how market relationships could be shaped through structures of producer-buyer reciprocity and horizontal cooperation among farmers that could mediate impacts on farmer households. Markets constantly evolve and may thus be re-engineered to favor relationships that potentially benefit both the upstream vegetable producers as well as the downstream end-buyers. Based on an examination of the processual dynamics engaged in by the small farmers in supplying a fast-food company with assistance from external agencies, I generate a number of generalized observations about the possible conditions through which participation in the modern value chains improves the prospects of livelihood sustainability of the small farmers. I argue that attaining sustainable livelihoods through participation in modern value chains is challenging and difficult, involving a continuous and arduous process of innovative learning on the part of small farmers and an unremitting assurance from the side of the end-buyers to integrate small producers in their supply chain. The role of external development agencies proves critical in establishing the reciprocal and redistributive patterns of relationships between producers and buyers. In the final analysis, a value chain vision of external interventions helps facilitate the inclusion of small farmers in the modern markets and promotes their competitive advantage in the long run.Includes bibliographical reference

Fabrication and Characterization of Tio2--zno Composite Nanofibers

Tetraisopropyl titanate, zinc acetate dihydrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were mixed to obtain a composite solution for producing TiO2–ZnO nanofibers. Electrospinning and subsequent calcination at 973 K were employed to produce composite metal-oxide nanofibers with diameters ranging from 50 to 150 nm. Characterization of the TiO2–ZnO composite nanofibers was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry. TGA reveals a total weight loss of 49% and no change in mass above 873 K. The nanofibers are predominantly made of titania and exhibit two different energy band gap values of 3.0 and 3.5 eV. Our findings indicate that in the composite TiO2–ZnO nanofibers three different phases (anatase and rutile TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO) can co-exist and retain their individual characteristic properties