Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting Of Propolis.

Crude ethanolic extracts of propolis, a natural resin, have been directly analysed using electrospray ionization mass (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the negative ion mode. European, North American and African samples have been analyzed, but emphasis has been given to Brazilian propolis which displays diverse and region-dependent chemical composition. ESI-MS provides characteristic fingerprint mass spectra, with propolis samples being divided into well-defined groups directly related to their geographical origins. Chemometric multivariate analysis statistically demonstrates the reliability of the ESI-MS fingerprinting method for propolis. On-line ESI-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry of characteristic [M - H](-) ion markers provides an additional dimension of fingerprinting selectivity, while structurally characterizing the ESI-MS marker components of propolis. By comparison with standards, eight such markers have been identified: para-coumaric acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran, 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, chrysin, pinocembrin, 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acid. The negative mode ESI-MS fingerprinting method is capable of discerning distinct composition patterns to typify, to screen the sample origin and to reveal characteristic details of the more polar and acidic chemical components of propolis samples from different regions of the world.129739-4

Enzymatic inhibition studies of selected flavonoids and chemosystematic significance of polymethoxylated flavonoids and quinoline alkaloids in Neoraputia (Rutaceae)

Our taxonomic interest in the Neoraputia stimulated an investigation of N. paraensis searching for alkaloids. Fractions were monitored by ¹H NMR and ESI-MS/MS and only those which showed features of anthranilate alkaloids and flavonoids absent in the previous investigations were examined. Stems afforded the alkaloids flindersine, skimmianine, 8-methoxyflindersine and dictamnine; leaves yielded 3',4',7,8-tetramethoxy-5,6-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-flavone, 3',4',5,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, 3',4'-methylenedioxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone. The alkaloids have remained undiscovered for 10 years. A number of flavonoids isolated from N. paraensis, N. magnifica, Murraya paniculata, Citrus sinensis graft (Rutaceae), Lonchocarpus montanus (Leguminosae) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Highly oxygenated flavones and isoflavone were the most actives.Nosso interesse quimiotaxonômico sobre Neoraputia nos estimulou a examinar N. paraensis, visando a busca de alcalóides. As frações foram monitoradas via RMN ¹H e ESI-EM/EM e foram analisadas somente aquelas cujos espectros apresentavam características de alcalóides do ácido antranílico e flavonóides não isolados anteriormente. Foram isolados do caule os alcalóides flindersina, skimmianina, 8-metoxiflindersina e dictamnina; das folhas os flavonóides 3',4',7,8-tetrametoxi-5,6-(2,2-dimetilpirano)-flavona, 3',4',5,7,8-pentametoxiflavona, 5-hidroxi-3',4',6,7-tetrametoxiflavona, 3',4'-metilenodioxi-5,6,7-trimetoxiflavona e 5-hidroxi-3',4'-metilenodioxi-6,7-dimetoxiflavona,. Os alcalóides do ácido antranílico não foram encontrados em dez anos. Vários flavonóides isolados de N. paraensis, N. magnifica, Murraya paniculata, enxerto de Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) e Lonchocarpus montanus (Leguminosae) foram testados frente a gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi, visando verificar seus potenciais em inibir a atividade da enzima. Os flavonóides polimetoxilados e um isoflavonóide foram os mais ativos.380387Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Fuel consumption of a sugarcane harvester in different operational settings

ABSTRACT The interventions performed during the mechanized harvesting are essential to improve the operational performance of sugarcane harvesters and reduce operational costs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fuel consumption of a sugarcane harvester in different forward speeds and engine rotations. Harvesting was conducted in a green cane plot, with the variety RB 855156. Flow meters were installed in the harvester's fuel supply system and an electronic device was used for data acquisition. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (3 x 2), using three engine rotations and two forward speeds, with six replicates. Harvesting capacity and fuel consumption per hour, per area and per ton of harvested sugarcane were analyzed. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test. The variations in engine rotation did not affect the performance for harvesting capacity, but influenced fuel consumption. Forward speed influenced both harvesting capacity and fuel consumption

Phytotoxicity of alkaloids, coumarins and flavonoids isolated from 11 species belonging to the Rutaceae and Meliaceae families

Meliaceae and Rutaceae families are known for the high diversity of their secondary metabolites, which include many groups that represent a rich source of structural diversity, and are good candidates as sources of allelochemicals that could be useful in agriculture. In the work described here the bioactivity profiles were evaluated for 3 alkaloids (1–3), 12 coumarins (4–15), 2 phenylpropanoic acid derivatives (16 and 17) and 14 flavonoids (18–31) from 11 species belonging to the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families. All compounds were tested in the wheat coleoptile bioassay and those that showed the highest activities were tested on the STS (Standard Target Species) Lepidium sativum (cress), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), and Allium cepa (onion). Most of the isolated compounds showed phytotoxic activity and graveoline (3), psoralen (8), and flavone (18) were the most active, with bioactivity levels similar to that of the commercial herbicide Logran1. The results indicate that these compounds could be involved as semiochemicals in the allelopathic interactions of these plant species

Uniformidade de deposição de gotas de pulverização em plantas de amendoim e Brachiaria plantaginea

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a uniformidade da deposição de gotas de pulverização em plantas de amendoim e de Brachiaria plantaginea localizadas nas linhas e entrelinhas de semeadura da cultura. O experimento de campo foi realizado com a cultura de amendoim, cultivar IAC Tatu-ST. As pulverizações foram feitas com a cultura nos estádios vegetativo (V1) e reprodutivo (R2). Foi utilizado, como marcador das gotas depositadas, o corante Azul Brilhante (FD&C-1) na concentração de 500 ppm. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por sete pontas de pulverização: XR 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1), TX-VK 6 (150 L ha-1), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), AI 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), AI11002 VS (200 L ha-1) e TJ60 11002 VS (150 e 200 L ha-1). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para as análises qualitativas, os dados obtidos foram ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. As pontas XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) e TX-VK 6 (150 L ha-1) proporcionaram as maiores uniformidades de distribuição da pulverização nas plantas de amendoim cultivar IAC Tatu ST nos estádios vegetativo (V1) e reprodutivo (R2), respectivamente. A uniformidade de deposição nas plantas de B. plantaginea teve grande variação nos depósitos unitários sobre as plantas localizadas na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Apenas a ponta XR 11002 VS (200 L ha¹) causa falhas de deposição em ambos os estádios de desenvolvimento da B. plantaginea localizada na linha da cultura. Quanto às plantas localizadas na entrelinha, a maior eficiência das pontas de pulverização ocorre no estádio de 3-5 perfilhos.The objective of this study was to evaluate the uniformity of spray deposition on peanut and on the weed Brachiaria plantaginea in crop rows and inter-rows. The study was conducted in the field with the peanut cultivar IAC Tatu-ST, and the applications were carried out at the vegetative (V1) and reproductive (R2) stages of the culture. Brilliant Blue (FD&C-1) was used as tracer in water solution, at 500 ppm. The treatments consisted of seven spray nozzles: XR 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1), TX-VK 6 (150 L ha-1), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), AI 110015 VS (150 L ha-1), AI11002 VS (200 L ha-1), and TJ60 11002 VS (150 and 200 L ha-1).The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. For the qualitative analysis, the data obtained were adjusted to a regression curve by the Gompertz model. It was concluded that the tips XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) and TX-6 VK (150 L ha 1) showed the highest spray distribution uniformity in the peanut cultivar IAC Tatu ST at the vegetative (V1) and reproductive (R2) stages, respectively. Deposition uniformity in the B. plantaginea plants showed large variations in individual deposits on the plants located on the line and the rows; only the spray nozzle XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) showed no deposition failures at both stages of development of B. plantaginea located on the crop line. As for the plants located between the rows, the spray nozzles were most efficient at the 3-5 tiller stage

Avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa da deposição de calda de pulverização em Commelina diffusa

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a quantidade e qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de Commelina diffusa, considerando volumes de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e o ângulo dos bicos na barra de pulverização. Foram utilizadas cinco hastes de plantas por vaso. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, e a aplicação da calda foi efetuada após 40 dias do transplantio das hastes, quando estavam com 30 a 40 cm de comprimento (em pleno desenvolvimento). Foram avaliadas cinco pontas de pulverização: TX-VK 6 (100 L ha-1), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha¹) e TJ60 11002 VS (100 e 200 L ha-1), as quais foram testadas com diferentes ângulos de aplicação (0º e +30º), exceto a TJ60 11002 VS. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 na concentração de 500 ppm, na determinação da deposição da calda de pulverização. Imediatamente após a aplicação, 20 hastes foram coletadas e, em seguida, lavadas em 100 mL de água destilada, para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram transformados em valores de depósitos por grama de massa seca e ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Independentemente da ponta utilizada, o volume de 200 L ha-1 proporcionou os maiores depósitos nas plantas, destacando-se a ponta TJ60. A ponta XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1) proporcionou a melhor uniformidade quando se utilizou o ângulo de +30º.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of spray deposition in Commelina diffusa plants, considering application volume, spray nozzles and the angle of the bar of the spray nozzles. Five stems of plants/pot were planted. The experimental treatments were set up on a randomized design with twenty replications. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions and the solution was applied after 40 days of stem transplanting, when the plants were between 30 to 40 cm long (in full development). Five spray nozzles (TX-VK 6 (100 L ha¹ ), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) and TJ60 11002 VS (100 and 200 L ha-1), were evaluated, using different angles of application (0º and +30º), except for TJ60 11002 VS nozzle. Brilliant blue FDC 1 was used as a tracer solution, with 500 ppm to determine spray deposition. Immediately after application, twenty weed stems were collected, and washed in 100 mL of distilled water for posterior tracer quantification in a spectrophotometer. The data were adjusted to a regression curve, according to the Gompertz model. Independent of the spray nozzle used, the volume of 200 L ha-1 provided the most deposits on the plants, with the TJ60 nozzle being the most outstanding. The XR 11001 VS nozzle (100 L ha-1) provided the best uniformity when an angle of +30º was used