Les 7 outils de base du système de management de la qualité

L’amélioration continue d’un système de management de la qualité nécessite le bon choix des outils qualité de la part du responsable qualité, qui vont correspondre au besoin de l’entité. La démarche qualité propose toute une panoplie d'outils d'aide (méthode, analyse, statistique, suivi-contrôle). Ces outils, créés et/ou diffusés par les principaux fondateurs de la démarche qualité dans le cadre de leurs actions de conseil auprès des entreprises, ont vocation pédagogique. Les outils des démarches Qualité sont un des points essentiel du pilotage, ils doivent être utilisés de manière appropriée en fonction des besoins et contraintes Dans cet article, nous avons définit les 7 principaux outils du système de management de la qualité (QQOQCP, Diagramme cause effet (5M), Brainstorming, Diagramme de Pareto, Le vote pondéré, le logigramme, la matrice de compatibilité) tout en donnant des exemples facilitant leur utilisation. Ces sept outils permettent de recueillir, d'illustrer et d'expliquer les faits de façon à faciliter l'analyse de n’importe quel problème

Culex pipiens, an Experimental Efficient Vector of West Nile and Rift Valley Fever Viruses in the Maghreb Region

West Nile fever (WNF) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are emerging diseases causing epidemics outside their natural range of distribution. West Nile virus (WNV) circulates widely and harmlessly in the old world among birds as amplifying hosts, and horses and humans as accidental dead-end hosts. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) re-emerges periodically in Africa causing massive outbreaks. In the Maghreb, eco-climatic and entomologic conditions are favourable for WNV and RVFV emergence. Both viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the Culex pipiens complex. We evaluated the ability of different populations of Cx. pipiens from North Africa to transmit WNV and the avirulent RVFV Clone 13 strain. Mosquitoes collected in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia during the summer 2010 were experimentally infected with WNV and RVFV Clone 13 strain at titers of 107.8 and 108.5 plaque forming units/mL, respectively. Disseminated infection and transmission rates were estimated 14–21 days following the exposure to the infectious blood-meal. We show that 14 days after exposure to WNV, all mosquito st developed a high disseminated infection and were able to excrete infectious saliva. However, only 69.2% of mosquito strains developed a disseminated infection with RVFV Clone 13 strain, and among them, 77.8% were able to deliver virus through saliva. Thus, Cx. pipiens from the Maghreb are efficient experimental vectors to transmit WNV and to a lesser extent, RVFV Clone 13 strain. The epidemiologic importance of our findings should be considered in the light of other parameters related to mosquito ecology and biology

Use of morphological and physiological characters, and molecular markers to evaluate the genetic diversity of three clementine cultivars

International audienceOriginating from a natural crossing between mandarin and sweet orange at the end of the 19(th) century, clementine diversified through the selection of spontaneous mutations. Today, it seems almost impossible to distinguish one variety from another. The development of molecular tools for variety identification is thus necessary. Three clementine cultivars, representing distinct groups of fruit maturity, were evaluated. Identification criteria were searched at the phenotypical level (organoleptic characteristics, leaves morphology) as well as the DNA level (isozymes, RAPD, and ISSR). The phenotypical diversity observed is relatively high and contrasted with the low molecular polymorphism. In fact, only the cultivar 'Guerdane' presents profiles of genetic fingerprints different from those of the two other cultivars. The frequency of the genetic modifications would thus be variable from a cultivar to another. Moreover, the specific molecular markers of the cultivar 'Guerdane', added to the phenotypic markers, extend the possibilities of identification to the young nursery plant