Glutamatergic synaptic deficits in the prefrontal cortex of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS), the most prevalent cause of intellectual disability, stems from a chromosomal anomaly resulting in an entire or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This leads to intellectual disability and a range of associated symptoms. While there has been considerable research focused on the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, particularly in the context of the hippocampus, the synaptic underpinnings of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in DS, including deficits in working memory, remain largely uncharted territory. In a previous study featuring mBACtgDyrk1a mice, which manifest overexpression of the Dyrk1a gene, a known candidate gene linked to intellectual disability and microcephaly in DS, we documented adverse effects on spine density, alterations in the molecular composition of synapses, and the presence of synaptic plasticity deficits within the PFC. The current study aimed to enrich our understanding of the roles of different genes in DS by studying Ts65Dn mice, which overexpress several genes including Dyrk1a, to compare with our previous work on mBACtgDyrk1a mice. Through ex-vivo electrophysiological experiments, including patch-clamp and extracellular field potential recordings, we identified alterations in the intrinsic properties of PFC layer V/VI pyramidal neurons in Ts65Dn male mice. Additionally, we observed changes in the synaptic plasticity range. Notably, long-term depression was absent in Ts65Dn mice, while synaptic or pharmacological long-term potentiation remained fully expressed in these mice. These findings provide valuable insights into the intricate synaptic mechanisms contributing to PFC dysfunction in DS, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues for addressing the neurocognitive symptoms associated with this condition

Essential omega-3 fatty acids tune microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the mouse developing brain

AbstractOmega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential for the functional maturation of the brain. Westernization of dietary habits in both developed and developing countries is accompanied by a progressive reduction in dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs. Low maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs has been linked to neurodevelopmental diseases in Humans. However, the n-3 PUFAs deficiency-mediated mechanisms affecting the development of the central nervous system are poorly understood. Active microglial engulfment of synapses regulates brain development. Impaired synaptic pruning is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism for detrimental effects of low maternal n-3 PUFA intake on hippocampal development in mice. Our results show that maternal dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency increases microglia-mediated phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the rodent developing hippocampus, partly through the activation of 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX)/12-HETE signaling, altering neuronal morphology and affecting cognitive performance of the offspring. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into neurodevelopmental defects caused by maternal n-3 PUFAs dietary deficiency.Infrastructure de Recherche Translationnelle pour les Biothérapies en NeurosciencesProgram Initiative d’Excellenc

Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction in prefrontal cortex of Down syndrome mouse models overexpressing Dyrk1a gene and therapeutic strategies

La trisomie 21 est la première cause de retard mental, phénotype majeur de la maladie. Elle est due à la présence d’un chromosome 21 supplémentaire. De nombreux gènes sont présents sur ce chromosome mais quelques-uns ont été proposés comme candidats pour les phénotypes neurocognitifs associés à la maladie, notamment le gène Dyrk1a. Il code pour une sérine-thréonine kinase, DYRK1A, à rôle majeur dans le développement cérébral et l’activité synaptique. Le cortex préfrontal sous-tend un ensemble de fonctions cognitives supérieures dont les fonctions exécutives et est impliqué dans la régulation du comportement émotionnel et de l’humeur, composantes largement affectées dans la trisomie 21. Ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser des défauts majeurs de la transmission et la plasticité synaptique glutamatergique au sein du cortex préfrontal de deux modèles murins différents de trisomie 21: le modèle mBACtgDyrk1a surexprimant le gène murin Dyrk1a et le modèle Ts65Dn surexprimant 130 gènes de l’analogue murin du chromosome 21 dont Dyrk1a. Un autre versant de l’étude a concerné l’utilisation d’un composé inhibiteur de l’activité DYRK1A ou d’autres cibles cellulaires pour corriger les altérations préfrontales observées, constituant ainsi de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour les phénotypes neurocognitifs associés à la trisomie 21.Down syndrome is the major cause of mental retardation, the main phenotype of the pathology. It is due to an extra chromosome 21. Many genes have been proposed as candidates for the neurocognitive phenotypes of Down syndrome, notably Dyrk1a. It encodes the serine-threonine kinase DYRK1A which is involved in brain development and synaptic functions. The prefrontal cortex mediates higher cognitive functions, such as executive functions and emotional regulation. This study highlighted major deficits in prefrontal cortex glutamatergic transmission and plasticity of two mouse models for Down syndrome: the overexpressing Dyrk1a mBACtgDyrk1a model and the Ts65Dn model, overexpressing around 130 murine orthologous genes of HSAS21 chromosome. Another aspect of this study was the development of new effective therapeutic strategy for Down syndrome neurocognitive phenotypes based on DYRK1A or other cellular targets activity inhibition

Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction in prefrontal cortex of Down syndrome mouse models overexpressing Dyrk1a gene and therapeutic strategies

La trisomie 21 est la première cause de retard mental, phénotype majeur de la maladie. Elle est due à la présence d’un chromosome 21 supplémentaire. De nombreux gènes sont présents sur ce chromosome mais quelques-uns ont été proposés comme candidats pour les phénotypes neurocognitifs associés à la maladie, notamment le gène Dyrk1a. Il code pour une sérine-thréonine kinase, DYRK1A, à rôle majeur dans le développement cérébral et l’activité synaptique. Le cortex préfrontal sous-tend un ensemble de fonctions cognitives supérieures dont les fonctions exécutives et est impliqué dans la régulation du comportement émotionnel et de l’humeur, composantes largement affectées dans la trisomie 21. Ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser des défauts majeurs de la transmission et la plasticité synaptique glutamatergique au sein du cortex préfrontal de deux modèles murins différents de trisomie 21: le modèle mBACtgDyrk1a surexprimant le gène murin Dyrk1a et le modèle Ts65Dn surexprimant 130 gènes de l’analogue murin du chromosome 21 dont Dyrk1a. Un autre versant de l’étude a concerné l’utilisation d’un composé inhibiteur de l’activité DYRK1A ou d’autres cibles cellulaires pour corriger les altérations préfrontales observées, constituant ainsi de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques pour les phénotypes neurocognitifs associés à la trisomie 21.Down syndrome is the major cause of mental retardation, the main phenotype of the pathology. It is due to an extra chromosome 21. Many genes have been proposed as candidates for the neurocognitive phenotypes of Down syndrome, notably Dyrk1a. It encodes the serine-threonine kinase DYRK1A which is involved in brain development and synaptic functions. The prefrontal cortex mediates higher cognitive functions, such as executive functions and emotional regulation. This study highlighted major deficits in prefrontal cortex glutamatergic transmission and plasticity of two mouse models for Down syndrome: the overexpressing Dyrk1a mBACtgDyrk1a model and the Ts65Dn model, overexpressing around 130 murine orthologous genes of HSAS21 chromosome. Another aspect of this study was the development of new effective therapeutic strategy for Down syndrome neurocognitive phenotypes based on DYRK1A or other cellular targets activity inhibition

Nutritional n-3 PUFA Deficiency Abolishes Endocannabinoid Gating of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation

International audienceMaternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid, is critical during perinatal brain development. How early postnatal n-3 PUFA deficiency impacts on hippocampal synaptic plasticity is mostly unknown. Here we compared activity-dependent plasticity at excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in weaned pups whose mothers were fed with an n-3 PUFA-balanced or n-3 PUFA-deficient diet. Normally, endogenous cannabinoids (eCB) produced by the post-synapse dually control network activity by mediating the long-term depression of inhibitory inputs (iLTD) and positively gating NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory inputs. We found that both iLTD and LTP were impaired in n-3 PUFA-deficient mice. Pharmacological dissection of the underlying mechanism revealed that impairment of NMDAR-dependent LTP was causally linked to and attributable to the ablation of eCB-mediated iLTD and associated to disinhibitory gating of excitatory synapses. The data shed new light on how n-3 PUFAs shape synaptic activity in the hippocampus and provide a new synaptic substrate to the cognitive impairments associated with perinatal n-3 deficiency

Distinct laminar requirements for NMDA receptors in experience-dependent visual cortical plasticity

© 2020 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Primary visual cortex (V1) is the locus of numerous forms of experience-dependent plasticity. Restricting visual stimulation to one eye at a time has revealed that many such forms of plasticity are eye-specific, indicating that synaptic modification occurs prior to binocular integration of thalamocortical inputs. A common feature of these forms of plasticity is the requirement for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation in V1.We therefore hypothesized that NMDARs in cortical layer 4 (L4), which receives the densest thalamocortical input, would be necessary for all forms of NMDAR-dependent and input-specific V1 plasticity.We tested this hypothesis in awake mice using a genetic approach to selectively delete NMDARs from L4 principal cells.We found, unexpectedly, that both stimulus-selective response potentiation and potentiation of open-eye responses following monocular deprivation (MD) persist in the absence of L4 NMDARs. In contrast, MD-driven depression of deprived-eye responses was impaired in mice lacking L4 NMDARs, as was L4 long-term depression in V1 slices. Our findings reveal a crucial requirement for L4 NMDARs in visual cortical synaptic depression, and a surprisingly negligible role for them in cortical response potentiation. These results demonstrate that NMDARs within distinct cellular subpopulations support different forms of experience-dependent plasticity

Virtual reality simulation training improve diagnostic knee arthroscopy and meniscectomy skills: a prospective transfer validity study

International audiencePurpose: Limited data exist on the actual transfer of skills learned using a virtual reality (VR) simulator for arthroscopy training because studies mainly focused on VR performance improvement and not on transfer to real word (transfer validity). The purpose of this single-blinded, controlled trial was to objectively investigate transfer validity in the context of initial knee arthroscopy training.Methods: For this study, 36 junior resident orthopaedic surgeons (postgraduate year one and year two) without prior experience in arthroscopic surgery were enrolled to receive standard knee arthroscopy surgery training (NON-VR group) or standard training plus training on a hybrid virtual reality knee arthroscopy simulator (1 h/month) (VR group). At inclusion, all participants completed a questionnaire on their current arthroscopic technical skills. After 6 months of training, both groups performed three exercises that were evaluated independently by two blinded trainers: i) arthroscopic partial meniscectomy on a bench-top knee simulator; ii) supervised diagnostic knee arthroscopy on a cadaveric knee; and iii) supervised knee partial meniscectomy on a cadaveric knee. Training level was determined with the Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET) score.Results: Overall, performance (ASSET scores) was better in the VR group than NON-VR group (difference in the global scores: p < 0.001, in bench-top meniscectomy scores: p = 0.03, in diagnostic knee arthroscopy on a cadaveric knee scores: p = 0.04, and in partial meniscectomy on a cadaveric knee scores: p = 0.02). Subgroup analysis by postgraduate year showed that the year-one NON-VR subgroup performed worse than the other subgroups, regardless of the exercise.Conclusion: This study showed the transferability of the technical skills acquired by novice residents on a hybrid virtual reality simulator to the bench-top and cadaveric models. Surgical skill acquired with a VR arthroscopy surgical simulator might safely improve arthroscopy competences in the operating room, also helping to standardise resident training and follow their progress

Dissociation of functional and structural plasticity of dendritic spines during NMDAR and mGluR-dependent long-term synaptic depression in wild-type and fragile X model mice

© 2020, The Author(s). Many neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by impaired functional synaptic plasticity and abnormal dendritic spine morphology, but little is known about how these are related. Previous work in the Fmr1-/y mouse model of fragile X (FX) suggests that increased constitutive dendritic protein synthesis yields exaggerated mGluR5-dependent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in area CA1 of the hippocampus, but an effect on spine structural plasticity remains to be determined. In the current study, we used simultaneous electrophysiology and time-lapse two photon imaging to examine how spines change their structure during LTD induced by activation of mGluRs or NMDA receptors (NMDARs), and how this plasticity is altered in Fmr1-/y mice. We were surprised to find that mGluR activation causes LTD and AMPA receptor internalization, but no spine shrinkage in either wildtype or Fmr1-/y mice. In contrast, NMDAR activation caused spine shrinkage as well as LTD in both genotypes. Spine shrinkage was initiated by non-ionotropic (metabotropic) signaling through NMDARs, and in wild-type mice this structural plasticity required activation of mTORC1 and new protein synthesis. In striking contrast, NMDA-induced spine plasticity in Fmr1-/y mice was no longer dependent on acute activation of mTORC1 or de novo protein synthesis. These findings reveal that the structural consequences of mGluR and metabotropic NMDAR activation differ, and that a brake on spine structural plasticity, normally provided by mTORC1 regulation of protein synthesis, is absent in FX. Increased constitutive protein synthesis in FX appears to modify functional and structural plasticity induced through different glutamate receptors