Development of exchange lists for M editerranean and H ealthy E ating D iets: implementation in an intervention trial

Background There has been little research published on the adaptation of diabetic exchange list diet approaches for the design of intervention diets in health research despite their clinical utility. The exchange list approach can provide clear and precise guidance on multiple dietary changes simultaneously. The present study aimed to develop exchange list diets for M editerranean and H ealthy E ating, and to evaluate adherence, dietary intakes and markers of health risks with each counselling approach in 120 subjects at increased risk for developing colon cancer. Methods A randomised clinical trial was implemented in the USA involving telephone counselling. The M editerranean diet had 10 dietary goals targeting increases in mono‐unsaturated fats, n ‐3 fats, whole grains and the amount and variety of fruits and vegetables. The Healthy Eating diet had five dietary goals that were based on the US H ealthy P eople 2010 recommendations. Results Dietary compliance was similar in both diet arms, with 82–88% of goals being met at 6 months, although subjects took more time to achieve the M editerranean goals than the H ealthy E ating goals. The relatively modest fruit and vegetable goals in the Healthy Eating arm were exceeded, resulting in fruit and vegetable intakes of approximately eight servings per day in each arm after 6 months. A significant ( P  < 0.05) weight loss and a decrease in serum C ‐reactive protein concentrations were observed in the overweight/obese subgroup of subjects in the M editerranean arm in the absence of weight loss goals. Conclusions Counselling for the M editerranean diet may be useful for both improving diet quality and for achieving a modest weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108685/1/jhn12158.pd

Lactate Regulates Metabolic and Proinflammatory Circuits in Control of T Cell Migration and Effector Functions

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Effect of temperature on stability of components of resistance to cercospora arachidicola in peanut

Expression of resistance to early leaf spot disease of peanut, caused by Cercospora arachidicola, varies across diverse geographic locations. Environment is known to influence expression of partial resistance in some pathosystems and could affect stability of resistance to early leaf spot. Multiple components of resistance were studied at controlled temperatures on seven peanut genotypes selected at North Carolina State University and on six genotypes selected at ICRISAT in West Africa. The genotypes were inoculated with a North Carolina field isolate of C. arachidicola and incubated under day/night temperature regimes of 24/24, 26/20, 32/26, 38/26, and 38/32 C (the high-temperature regimes simulate the conditions in Niger, West Africa, and the cooler regimes simulate the conditions in North Carolina). Numbers of lesions were inversely related to temperature. Days after inoculation significantly influenced numbers of lesions and infection frequency. Regression of lesion numbers or infection frequencies on time and temperature accounted for 90% or more of experimental variation for 12 of 13 genotypes. Values for most resistance components examined (number of lesions, infection frequency, incubation period, lesion diameter, and necrotic area diameter) were dependent on both temperature and genotype. Several peanut genotypes were identified that expressed stable levels of resistance to C. arachidicola across temperature regimes. The North Carolina line 91 PA 150, derived from the wild diploid species Arachis cardenasii, consistently was ranked as resistant for all components in all temperature regimes. Other genotypes that ranked high in partial resistance to C. arachidicola included NC Ac 17894, PI 274194, NC Ac 18045, and 91 PA 131. Another group of genotypes, including GP-NC 343, NC 6, and N92069L, were moderately resistant. PI 476033 and NC 7 were highly susceptible at all temperatures, and N92064L varied in ranking for component

3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate interactors target synaptic adhesion molecules from neonatal mouse brain and inhibit neural activity and synaptogenesis in vitro

International audienceHeparan sulfate (HS) chains, covalently linked to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), promote synaptic development and functions by connecting various synaptic adhesion proteins (AP). HS binding to AP could vary according to modifications of HS chains by different sulfotransferases. 3-O-sulfotransferases (Hs3sts) produce rare 3-O-sulfated HSs (3S-HSs), of poorly known functions in the nervous system. Here, we showed that a peptide known to block herpes simplex virus by interfering with 3S-HSs in vitro and in vivo (i.e. G2 peptide), specifically inhibited neural activity, reduced evoked glutamate release, and impaired synaptic assembly in hippocampal cell cultures. A role for 3S-HSs in promoting synaptic assembly and neural activity is consistent with the synaptic interactome of G2 peptide, and with the detection of Hs3sts and their products in synapses of cultured neurons and in synaptosomes prepared from developing brains. Our study suggests that 3S-HSs acting as receptors for herpesviruses might be important regulators of neuronal and synaptic development in vertebrates

Global genomic analysis reveals rapid control of a robust innate response in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys

Natural SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) is nonprogressive despite chronic virus replication. Strikingly, it is characterized by low levels of immune activation, while pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) is associated with chronic immune activation. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this intriguing phenotype, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to longitudinally assess host gene expression in SIV-infected SMs and RMs. We found that acute SIV infection of SMs was consistently associated with a robust innate immune response, including widespread upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in blood and lymph nodes. While SMs exhibited a rapid resolution of ISG expression and immune activation, both responses were observed chronically in RMs. Systems biology analysis indicated that expression of the lymphocyte inhibitory receptor LAG3, a marker of T cell exhaustion, correlated with immune activation in SIV-infected RMs but not SMs. Our findings suggest that active immune regulatory mechanisms, rather than intrinsically attenuated innate immune responses, underlie the low levels of immune activation characteristic of SMs chronically infected with SIV