Discovery and structural assignment of (S)-sydosine from amphipod-derived Aspergillus sydowii MBC15-11F through HRMS, advanced Mosher, and molecular modelling analyses

AimsThis study aims to prioritize fungal strains recovered from under-explored habitats that produce new metabolites. HRMS dereplication is used to avoid structure redundancy, and molecular modelling is used to assign absolute configuration.Methods and resultsMBC15-11F was isolated from an amphipod and identified using ITS, 28S, and β-tubulin phylogeny as Aspergillus sydowii. Chemical profiling using taxonomic-based dereplication identified structurally diverse metabolites, including unreported ones. Large-scale fermentation led to the discovery of a new N-acyl adenosine derivative: (S)-sydosine (1) which was elucidated by NMR and HRESIMS analyses. Two known compounds were also identified as predicted by the initial dereplication process. Due to scarcity of 1, molecular modelling was used to assign its absolute configuration without hydrolysis, and is supported by advanced Mosher derivatization. When the isolated compounds were assessed against a panel of bacterial pathogens, only phenamide (3) showed anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity.ConclusionFermentation of A. sydowii yielded a new (S)-sydosine and known metabolites as predicted by HRESIMS-aided dereplication. Molecular modelling prediction of the absolute configuration of 1 agreed with advanced Mosher analysis

Fungal Planet description sheets: 868-950

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetomella pseudocircinoseta and Coniella pseudodiospyri on Eucalyptus microcorys leaves, Cladophialophora eucalypti, Teratosphaeria dunnii and Vermiculariopsiella dunnii on Eucalyptus dunnii leaves, Cylindrium grande and Hypsotheca eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus grandis leaves, Elsinoe salignae on Eucalyptus saligna leaves, Marasmius lebeliae on litter of regenerating subtropical rainforest, Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (incl. Phialoseptomonium gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis leaves, Phlogicylindrium pawpawense on Eucalyptus tereticornis leaves, Phyllosticta longicauda as an endophyte from healthy Eustrephus latifolius leaves, Pseudosydowia eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Saitozyma wallum on Banksia aemula leaves, Teratosphaeria henryi on Corymbia henryi leaves. Brazil, Aspergillus bezerrae, Backusella azygospora, Mariannaea terricola and Talaromyces pernambucoensis from soil, Calonectria matogrossensis on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, Calvatia brasiliensis on soil, Carcinomyces nordestinensis on Bromelia antiacantha leaves, Dendryphiella stromaticola on small branches of an unidentified plant, Nigrospora brasiliensis on Nopalea cochenillifera leaves, Penicillium alagoense as a leaf endophyte on a Miconia sp., Podosordaria nigrobrunnea on dung, Spegazzinia bromeliacearum as a leaf endophyte on Tilandsia catimbauensis, Xylobolus brasiliensis on decaying wood. Bulgaria, Kazachstania molopis from the gut of the beetle Molops piceus. Croatia, Mollisia endocrystallina from a fallen decorticated Picea abies tree trunk. Ecuador, Hygrocybe rodomaculata on soil. Hungary, Alfoldia vorosii (incl.Alfoldia gen. nov.) from Juniperus communis roots, Kiskunsagia ubrizsyi (incl. Kiskunsagia gen. nov.) from Fumana procumbens roots. India, Aureobasidium tremulum as laboratory contaminant, Leucosporidium himalayensis and Naganishia indica from windblown dust on glaciers. Italy, Neodevriesia cycadicola on Cycas sp. leaves, Pseudocercospora pseudomyrticola on Myrtus communis leaves, Ramularia pistaciae on Pistacia lentiscus leaves, Neognomoniopsis quercina (incl. Neognomoniopsis gen. nov.) on Quercus ilex leaves. Japan, Diaporthe fructicola on Passiflora edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa fruit, Entoloma nipponicum on leaf litter in a mixed Cryptomeria japonica and Acer spp. forest. Macedonia, Astraeus macedonicus on soil. Malaysia, Fusicladium eucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus sp. twigs, Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (incl. Neoacrodontiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves. Mozambique, Meliola gorongosensis on dead Philenoptera violacea leaflets. Nepal, Coniochaeta dendrobiicola from Dendriobium lognicornu roots. New Zealand, Neodevriesia sexualis and Thozetella neonivea on Archontophoenix cunninghamiana leaves. Norway, Calophoma sandfjordenica from a piece of board on a rocky shoreline, Clavaria parvispora on soil, Didymella finnmarkica from a piece of Pinus sylvestris driftwood. Poland, Sugiyamaella trypani from soil. Portugal, Colletotrichum feijoicola from Acca sellowiana. Russia, Crepidotus tobolensis on Populus tremula debris, Entoloma ekaterinae, Entoloma erhardii and Suillus gastroflavus on soil, Nakazawaea ambrosiae from the galleries of Ips typographus under the bark of Picea abies. Slovenia, Pluteus ludwigii on twigs of broadleaved trees. South Africa, Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (incl. Anungitiomyces gen. nov.) and Niesslia stellenboschiana on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Beltraniella pseudoportoricensis on Podocarpus falcatus leaf litter, Corynespora encephalarti on Encephalartos sp. leaves, Cytospora pavettae on Pavetta revoluta leaves, Helminthosporium erythrinicola on Erythrina humeana leaves, Helminthosporium syzygii on a Syzygium sp. barkcanker, Libertasomyces aloeticus on Aloe sp. leaves, Penicillium lunae from Musa sp. fruit, Phyllosticta lauridiae on Lauridia tetragona leaves, Pseudotruncatella bolusanthi (incl. Pseudotruncatellaceae fam. nov.) and Dactylella bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus leaves. Spain, Apenidiella foetida on submerged plant debris, Inocybe grammatoides on Quercus ilex subsp. ilex forest humus, Ossicaulis salomii on soil, Phialemonium guarroi from soil. Thailand, Pantospora chromolaenae on Chromolaena odorata leaves. Ukraine, Cadophora helianthi from Helianthus annuus stems. USA, Boletus pseudopinophilus on soil under slash pine, Botryotrichum foricae, Penicillium americanum and Penicillium minnesotense from air. Vietnam, Lycoperdon vietnamense on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes

A computational psychiatry approach identifies how alpha-2A noradrenergic agonist Guanfacine affects feature-based reinforcement learning in the macaque

[EN] Noradrenaline is believed to support cognitive flexibility through the alpha 2A noradrenergic receptor (a2A-NAR) acting in prefrontal cortex. Enhanced flexibility has been inferred from improved working memory with the a2A-NA agonist Guanfacine. But it has been unclear whether Guanfacine improves specific attention and learning mechanisms beyond working memory, and whether the drug effects can be formalized computationally to allow single subject predictions. We tested and confirmed these suggestions in a case study with a healthy nonhuman primate performing a feature-based reversal learning task evaluating performance using Bayesian and Reinforcement learning models. In an initial dose-testing phase we found a Guanfacine dose that increased performance accuracy, decreased distractibility and improved learning. In a second experimental phase using only that dose we examined the faster feature-based reversal learning with Guanfacine with single-subject computational modeling. Parameter estimation suggested that improved learning is not accounted for by varying a single reinforcement learning mechanism, but by changing the set of parameter values to higher learning rates and stronger suppression of non-chosen over chosen feature information. These findings provide an important starting point for developing nonhuman primate models to discern the synaptic mechanisms of attention and learning functions within the context of a computational neuropsychiatry framework.This research was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation (MEDI). We thank Dr. Hongying Wang for invaluable help with drug administration and animal careHassani, SA.; Oemisch, M.; Balcarras, M.; Westendorff, S.; Ardid-Ramírez, JS.; Van Der Meer, MA.; Tiesinga, P.... (2017). A computational psychiatry approach identifies how alpha-2A noradrenergic agonist Guanfacine affects feature-based reinforcement learning in the macaque. Scientific Reports. 7:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40606S1197Arnsten, A. F., Wang, M. J. & Paspalas, C. D. Neuromodulation of thought: flexibilities and vulnerabilities in prefrontal cortical network synapses. Neuron 76, 223–239 (2012).Arnsten, A. F. & Dudley, A. G. Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through alpha2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behav Brain Funct 1, 2 (2005).Clark, K. L. & Noudoost, B. The role of prefrontal catecholamines in attention and working memory. Front Neural Circuits 8, 33 (2014).Wang, M. et al. Neuronal basis of age-related working memory decline. Nature 476, 210–213 (2011).Wang, M. et al. Alpha2A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex. Cell 129, 397–410 (2007).Aston-Jones, G. & Cohen, J. D. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu Rev Neurosci 28, 403–450 (2005).Yu, A. J. & Dayan, P. Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 46, 681–692 (2005).Mather, M., Clewett, D., Sakaki, M. & Harley, C. W. Norepinephrine ignites local hot spots of neuronal excitation: How arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory. Behav Brain Sci, 1–100, doi: 10.1017/S0140525X15000667 (2015).Amemiya, S. & Redish, A. D. Manipulating Decisiveness in Decision Making: Effects of Clonidine on Hippocampal Search Strategies. J Neurosci 36, 814–827 (2016).Doya, K. Metalearning and neuromodulation. Neural Netw 15, 495–506 (2002).Uhlen, S., Muceniece, R., Rangel, N., Tiger, G. & Wikberg, J. E. Comparison of the binding activities of some drugs on alpha 2A, alpha 2B and alpha 2C-adrenoceptors and non-adrenergic imidazoline sites in the guinea pig. Pharmacology & toxicology 76, 353–364 (1995).Mao, Z. M., Arnsten, A. F. & Li, B. M. Local infusion of an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist into the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in monkeys. Biological psychiatry 46, 1259–1265 (1999).Arnsten, A. F. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. Analysis of alpha-2 adrenergic agonist effects on the delayed nonmatch-to-sample performance of aged rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 11, 583–590 (1990).Franowicz, J. S. & Arnsten, A. F. The alpha-2a noradrenergic agonist, guanfacine, improves delayed response performance in young adult rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 136, 8–14 (1998).Caetano, M. S. et al. Noradrenergic control of error perseveration in medial prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 6, 125 (2012).Kim, S., Bobeica, I., Gamo, N. J., Arnsten, A. F. & Lee, D. Effects of alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist on time and risk preference in primates. Psychopharmacology 219, 363–375 (2012).Seu, E., Lang, A., Rivera, R. J. & Jentsch, J. D. Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter improves behavioral flexibility in rats and monkeys. Psychopharmacology 202, 505–519 (2009).Kawaura, K., Karasawa, J., Chaki, S. & Hikichi, H. Stimulation of postsynapse adrenergic alpha2A receptor improves attention/cognition performance in an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 270, 349–356 (2014).Aoki, C., Go, C. G., Venkatesan, C. & Kurose, H. Perikaryal and synaptic localization of alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res 650, 181–204 (1994).Barth, A. M., Vizi, E. S., Zelles, T. & Lendvai, B. Alpha2-adrenergic receptors modify dendritic spike generation via HCN channels in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 99, 394–401 (2008).Ji, X. H., Ji, J. Z., Zhang, H. & Li, B. M. Stimulation of alpha2-adrenoceptors suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2263–2271 (2008).Yi, F., Liu, S. S., Luo, F., Zhang, X. H. & Li, B. M. Signaling mechanism underlying alpha2A -adrenergic suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. Eur J Neurosci 38, 2364–2373 (2013).Engberg, G. & Eriksson, E. Effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on locus coeruleus firing rate and brain noradrenaline turnover in N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ)-treated rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s archives of pharmacology 343, 472–477 (1991).Jakala, P. et al. Guanfacine, but not clonidine, improves planning and working memory performance in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 460–470 (1999).Jakala, P. et al. Guanfacine and clonidine, alpha 2-agonists, improve paired associates learning, but not delayed matching to sample, in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 119–130 (1999).Muller, U. et al. Lack of effects of guanfacine on executive and memory functions in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 182, 205–213 (2005).Scahill, L. et al. A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American journal of psychiatry 158, 1067–1074 (2001).Huys, Q. J. M., Maia, T. V. & Frank, M. J. Computational psychiatry as a bridge from neuroscience to clinical applications. Nat Neurosci 19, 404–413 (2016).Stephan, K. E. et al. Computational neuroimaging strategies for single patient predictions. NeuroImage in press (2015).Arnsten, A. F., Cai, J. X. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 8, 4287–4298 (1988).Callado, L. F. & Stamford, J. A. Alpha2A- but not alpha2B/C-adrenoceptors modulate noradrenaline release in rat locus coeruleus: voltammetric data. Eur J Pharmacol 366, 35–39 (1999).Millan, M. J. et al. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature reviews. Drug discovery 11, 141–168 (2012).Niv, Y. et al. Reinforcement learning in multidimensional environments relies on attention mechanisms. J Neurosci 35, 8145–8157 (2015).Balcarras, M., Ardid, S., Kaping, D., Everling, S. & Womelsdorf, T. Attentional Selection Can Be Predicted by Reinforcement Learning of Task-relevant Stimulus Features Weighted by Value-independent Stickiness. J Cogn Neurosci 28, 333–349 (2016).Redish, A. D., Jensen, S., Johnson, A. & Kurth-Nelson, Z. Reconciling reinforcement learning models with behavioral extinction and renewal: implications for addiction, relapse, and problem gambling. Psychol Rev 114, 784–805 (2007).Nassar, M. R. et al. Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems. Nat Neurosci 15, 1040–1046 (2012).O’Reilly, J. X. et al. Dissociable effects of surprise and model update in parietal and anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 3660–3669 (2013).Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M. & Cohen, J. D. The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron 79, 217–240 (2013).Womelsdorf, T. & Everling, S. Long-Range Attention Networks: Circuit Motifs Underlying Endogenously Controlled Stimulus Selection. Trends Neurosci 38, 682–700 (2015).Yang, Y. et al. Nicotinic alpha7 receptors enhance NMDA cognitive circuits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 12078–12083 (2013).Aston-Jones, G., Rajkowski, J. & Cohen, J. Role of locus coeruleus in attention and behavioral flexibility. Biological psychiatry 46, 1309–1320 (1999).Cole, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Forebrain norepinephrine: role in controlled information processing in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 7, 129–142 (1992).Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N. & Robbins, T. W. Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 28, 771–784 (2004).Devauges, V. & Sara, S. J. Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attentional shift in the rat. Behav Brain Res 39, 19–28 (1990).Connor, D. F., Arnsten, A. F., Pearson, G. S. & Greco, G. F. Guanfacine extended release for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 15, 1601–1610 (2014).Sallee, F. R. et al. Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48, 155–165 (2009).Steere, J. C. & Arnsten, A. F. The alpha-2A noradrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine improves visual object discrimination reversal performance in aged rhesus monkeys. Behav Neurosci 111, 883–891 (1997).Doya, K. Modulators of decision making. Nat Neurosci 11, 410–416 (2008).Wang, X. J. & Krystal, J. H. Computational psychiatry. Neuron 84, 638–654 (2014).Wiecki, T. V. et al. A Computational Cognitive Biomarker for Early-Stage Huntington’s Disease. PLoS One 11, e0148409, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148409 (2016).Huys, Q. J., Pizzagalli, D. A., Bogdan, R. & Dayan, P. Mapping anhedonia onto reinforcement learning: a behavioural meta-analysis. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 3, 12 (2013).Gershman, S. J. & Niv, Y. Learning latent structure: carving nature at its joints. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20, 251–256 (2010).Voon, V. et al. Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits. Mol Psychiatry 20, 345–352 (2015).Maia, T. V. & Frank, M. J. From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Nature Neuroscience 14, 154–162 (2011).Adams, R. A., Huys, Q. J. M. & Roiser, J. P. Computational Psychiatry: towards a mathematically informed understanding of mental illness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 87, 53–63 (2015).Schlagenhauf, F. et al. Striatal dysfunction during reversal learning in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. NeuroImage 89, 171–180 (2014).Harlé, K. M. et al. Bayesian neural adjustment of inhibitory control predicts emergence of problem stimulant use. Brain 138, 3413–3426 (2015).Zhang, J. et al. Different decision deficits impair response inhibition in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease. Brain 139, 161–173 (2016).Frank, M. J. et al. fMRI and EEG Predictors of Dynamic Decision Parameters during Human Reinforcement Learning. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 485–494 (2015).Smith, A. C. & Brown, E. N. Estimating a state-space model from point process observations. Neural Comput 15, 965–991 (2003).Wilson, R. C. & Niv, Y. Inferring relevance in a changing world. Frontiers in human neuroscience 5, 189 (2011).Rämä, P. et al. Medetomidine, atipamezole, and guanfacine in delayed response performance of aged monkeys. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 55, 415–422 (1996).Arnsten, A. F. T. & Contant, T. A. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists decrease distractibility in aged monkeys performing the delayed response task. Psychopharmacology 108, 159–169 (1992).O’Neill, J. et al. Effects of guanfacine on three forms of distraction in the aging macaque. Life Sciences 67, 877–885 (2000).Wang, M., Ji, J.-Z. & Li, B.-M. The α2A-Adrenergic Agonist Guanfacine Improves Visuomotor Associative Learning in Monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, 86–92 (2004).Witte, E. a. & Marrocco, R. T. Alteration of brain noradrenergic activity in rhesus monkeys affects the alerting component of covert orienting. Psychopharmacology 132, 315–323 (1997).Decamp, E., Clark, K. & Schneider, J. S. Effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine on attention and working memory in aged non-human primates. European Journal of Neuroscience 34, 1018–1022 (2011)

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383–1435

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Agaricus albofoetidus, Agaricus aureoelephanti and Agaricus parviumbrus on soil, Fusarium ramsdenii from stem cankers of Araucaria cunninghamii, Keissleriella sporoboli from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Leptosphaerulina queenslandica and Pestalotiopsis chiaroscuro from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Serendipita petricolae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus petricola, Stagonospora tauntonensis from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Teratosphaeria carnegiei from leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis and Wongia ficherai from roots of Eragrostis curvula. Canada, Lulworthia fundyensis from intertidal wood and Newbrunswickomyces abietophilus (incl. Newbrunswickomyces gen. nov.)on buds of Abies balsamea. Czech Republic, Geosmithia funiculosa from a bark beetle gallery on Ulmus minor and Neoherpotrichiella juglandicola (incl. Neoherpotrichiella gen. nov.)from wood of Juglans regia. France, Aspergillus rouenensis and Neoacrodontium gallica (incl. Neoacrodontium gen. nov.)from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum feeding on Quercus wood, Endoradiciella communis (incl. Endoradiciella gen. nov.)endophyticin roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum and Entoloma simulans on soil. India, Amanita konajensis on soil and Keithomyces indicus from soil. Israel, Microascus rothbergiorum from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Calonarius ligusticus on soil. Netherlands , Appendopyricularia juncicola (incl. Appendopyricularia gen. nov.), Eriospora juncicola and Tetraploa juncicola on dead culms of Juncus effusus, Gonatophragmium physciae on Physcia caesia and Paracosmospora physciae (incl. Paracosmospora gen. nov.)on Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium phragmitigenum on dead culm of Phragmites australis, Neochalara lolae on stems of Pteridium aquilinum, Niesslia nieuwwulvenica on dead culm of undetermined Poaceae, Nothodevriesia narthecii (incl. Nothodevriesia gen. nov.) on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum and Parastenospora pini (incl. Parastenospora gen. nov.)on dead twigs of Pinus sylvestris. Norway, Verticillium bjoernoeyanum from sand grains attached to a piece of driftwood on a sandy beach. Portugal, Collybiopsis cimrmanii on the base of living Quercus ilex and amongst dead leaves of Laurus and herbs. South Africa , Paraproliferophorum hyphaenes (incl. Paraproliferophorum gen. nov.) on living leaves of Hyphaene sp. and Saccothecium widdringtoniae on twigs of Widdringtonia wallichii. Spain, Cortinarius dryosalor on soil, Cyphellophora endoradicis endophytic in roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum, Geoglossum laurisilvae on soil, Leptographium gemmatum from fluvial sediments, Physalacria auricularioides from a dead twig of Castanea sativa , Terfezia bertae and Tuber davidlopezii in soil. Sweden, Alpova larskersii, Inocybe alpestris and Inocybe boreogodeyi on soil. Thailand, Russula banwatchanensis, Russula purpureoviridis and Russula lilacina on soil. Ukraine, Nectriella adonidis on over wintered stems of Adonis vernalis. USA, Microcyclus jacquiniae from living leaves of Jacquinia keyensis and Penicillium neoherquei from a minute mushroom sporocarp. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes