Decrease in antibiotic resistance among invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) isolates in France from 2003 to 2007; On-going survey of the French Pneumococcus network (ORP)

Date du colloque&nbsp;: 10/2008</p

Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in France in 2007: Data from the Pneumococcus Surveillance Network

Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in France is closely monitored by the pneumococcus surveillance network, founded in 1995, which collects data from regional observatories (Observatoire Régionaux du Pneumocoque [ORP]). In 2007, 23 ORPs analyzed the antibiotic susceptibility of 5,302 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in France from cerebrospinal fluid, blood, middle ear fluid, and pleural fluid, as well as from adult respiratory samples. The study showed that 38.2% of the strains were nonsusceptible to penicillin, 19.3% nonsusceptible to amoxicillin, and 10.5% nonsusceptible to cefotaxime. The percentage of pneumococcus nonsusceptible to penicillin varied according to both the sample and the age of the patient (child/adult): blood (27.8%/32.5%), cerebrospinal fluid (33.7%/34.6%), middle ear fluid (60.2%/27.5%), and pleural fluid (50.0%/31.0%). Between 2003 and 2007, the frequency of penicillin resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease gradually decreased from 46.4% to 29.0% in children and from 43.8% to 32.7% in adults. This decrease coincided with the introduction of a seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into immunization programs and with a general reduction in levels of antibiotic consumption in France

黃牛與荷蘭乳牛換毛期的研究

　　生物受到外在環境極大的影響，特別是身體表面，直接左右於外在環境的部分很多，與生理變化相同、形態上的變化也很顯著。覆蓋的毛髮掌管體溫調節與保護身體的功能，各種動物會依照品種，或者是個體，各自呈現著最適合各自生存環境的狀態。因此，熱帶地區的家畜與溫帶地區的家畜有所不同是極為理所當然的自然現象。與冷熱調節關係密切、依據季節轉變的覆蓋皮毛的換毛狀態亦是如此，不難想見溫帶地區的家畜、與熱帶地區的家畜身上顯現的差異性。本論文即為溫帶產乳牛Holstein與熱帶產牛的黃牛的換毛狀態比較調查。 　　研究內容如下所述。(1)換毛通常進行於春秋二季。不過，會因為品種的不同而有時期上的差異。Holstein在春天的5月開始換毛，秋天的話在10月以後才會開始。換毛最為明顯的時期是6月。黃牛的狀況是在春天的4月，秋天的9月開始換毛。4月中旬過後、以及9月底至10月初是換毛最為明顯的時期。這個換毛狀態也會因為不同個體而有些許的差異性。(2)除了春秋二季的定期換毛以外，每個月多少都會有一些換毛。將新生毛的比例加以平均的話，則可知Holstein在6月有34％，7月有12％，8月有31％的程度。黃牛則是在6月有12％，7月有16％，8月有26％這樣的程度。(3)只要換成夏毛的話，則其中不會混有冬毛。(4)覆蓋毛髮因應氣溫變化而有長度與粗細的不同，冬天細長，夏天粗短。(5) Holstein與黃牛互相比較，則換毛的顯著時期較遲。這是因為在因應氣候的方面，Holstein的反應程度比黃牛來得低。(6)一般而言，夏毛的生存期比冬毛短，夏毛在經過約略5個月之後轉為冬毛，而冬毛則是經過約略7個月後轉為夏毛。(7)髓質在夏天的時候不太發達。封面、書名頁、印記、目次頁 I　緒言 II　研究材料並ニ研究方法 　A）供試動物 　B）供試動物ノ飼養管理 　　i）黄牛ノ状態 　　ii）ホルスタインノ状態 　C）試驗期間及ビ採毛期日 　D）採毛方法 　E）調査方法 III　實驗結果 IV　實驗結果ノ觀察 　A）ホルスタイン 　B）黄牛 　C）ホルスタイント黄牛ノ比較 V　結論 VI　摘要 参【參】考文献 圖表 　（一） 　（二） 圖版、印記、封

Decline in antibiotic resistance and changes in the serotype distribution of [i]Streptococcus pneumoniae[/i] isolates from children with acute otitis media; a 2001-2011 survey by the French Pneumococcal Network

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of acute otitis media (AOM). The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in antibiotic resistance and circulating serotypes of pneumococci isolated from middle ear fluid of French children with AOM during the period 2001-2011, before and after the introduction of the PCV-7 (2003) and PCV-13 (2010) vaccines. Between 2001 and 2011 the French pneumococcal surveillance network analysed the antibiotic susceptibility of 6683 S. pneumoniae isolated from children with AOM, of which 1569 were serotyped. We observed a significant overall increase in antibiotic susceptibility. Respective resistance (I+R) rates in 2001 and 2011 were 76.9% and 57.3% for penicillin, 43.0% and 29.8% for amoxicillin, and 28.6% and 13.0% for cefotaxime. We also found a marked reduction in vaccine serotypes after PCV-7 implementation, from 63.0% in 2001 to 13.2% in 2011, while the incidence of the additional six serotypes included in PCV-13 increased during the same period, with a particularly high proportion of 19A isolates. The proportion of some non-PCV-13 serotypes also increased between 2001 and 2011, especially 15A and 23A. Before PCV-7 implementation, most (70.8%) penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to PCV-7 serotypes, whereas in 2011, 56.8% of penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci belonged to serotype 19A. Between 2001 and 2011, antibiotic resistance among pneumococci responsible for AOM in France fell markedly, and PCV-7 serotypes were replaced by non-PCV-7 serotypes, especially 19A. We are continuing to assess the impact of PCV-13, introduced in France in 2010, on pneumococcal serotype circulation and antibiotic resistance

Surveillance Network for Herpes Simplex Virus Resistance to Antiviral Drugs: 3-Year Follow-Up

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common in the general population and among immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective treatment which is widely used. We deemed it essential to conduct a wide and coordinated survey of the emergence of ACV-resistant HSV strains . We have formed a network of 15 virology laboratories which have isolated and identified, between May 1999 and April 2002, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 strains among hospitalized subjects. The sensitivity of each isolate to ACV was evaluated by a colorimetric test (C. Danve, F. Morfin, D. Thouvenot, and M. Aymard, J. Virol. Methods 105:207-217, 2002). During this study, 3,900 isolated strains among 3,357 patients were collected; 55% of the patients were immunocompetent. Only six immunocompetent patients excreted ACV-resistant HSV strains (0.32%), including one female patient not treated with ACV who was infected primary by an ACV-resistant strain. Among the 54 immunocompromised patients from whom ACV-resistant HSV strains were isolated (3.5%), the bone marrow transplantation patients showed the highest prevalence of resistance (10.9%), whereas among patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus, the prevalence was 4.2%. In 38% of the cases, the patients who excreted the ACV-resistant strains were treated with foscarnet (PFA), and 61% of them developed resistance to PFA. The collection of a large number of isolates enabled an evaluation of the prevalence of resistance of HSV strains to antiviral drugs to be made. This prevalence has remained stable over the last 10 years, as much among immunocompetent patients as among immunocompromised patients

Complications of Pediatric Renal Transplantation

The major advance allowing prolonged graft survival has been the use of immunosuppressive drugs that downregulate the immune response. The immunosuppression that is used varies among centers and evolves with the development of new medications

Combined Bacterial Meningitis and Infective Endocarditis: When Should We Search for the Other When Either One is Diagnosed?

Auteurs groupes collaboratifs AEPEI study group & the COMBAT study groupInternational audienc