Minä haluan olla maailman ainoa minä:monikkosisarusten yksilökokemus elämän eri vaiheissa

Tiivistelmä. Tämän narratiivisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata monikkosisarusten näkökulmasta heidän kertomien kokemusten ja näkemysten pohjalta, minkälaista tukea omaan yksilöllisyyteensä he olivat saaneet elämänsä eri vaiheissa ja miten he kokivat oman monikkosisaruutensa normaaliin yksösyyteen nähden. Aineisto muodostui kirjallisista elämänkerrallisista tuotoksista. Aineisto analysoitiin narratiivisella analyysimenetelmällä ja osaksi narratiivien analyysiä ja siihen kuuluvaa Greimasin aktanttimallia hyödyntäen. Greimasin aktanttianalyysissä aineistosta etsittiin erilaisia toimijoita, tavoitteita ja keinoja. Monikkosisarusten tarinoista hahmotettiin erilaisia toimijoita ja vastatoimijoita toisin sanoen yksilöllisyyttä tukevia ja ei tukevia asioita. Näiden prosessien kautta löytyivät aineistossa esiintyvät teemat. Aineiston keskeiset teemat olivat: monikkosisarukseksi syntyminen, identiteetin rakentuminen, monikkosisaruuden merkitys, yksilöksi kasvaminen ja kaksoistamisen ongelma. Teemoiksi nousivat aihepiirit, jotka olivat saaneet kertomuksissa paljon tilaa, ja jotka monikkosisarukset olivat kokeneet merkittäviksi. Tuloksissa kuvattiin monikkosisarusten identiteettiä, sen muodostumista, rakentumista ja uudelleen konstruoimista elämän eri aikoina. Varhaislapsuudessa monikkosisaruudessa korostui vanhempien suhtautuminen lapsiin joko yksilöllisesti huomioiden tai monikkoutta korostaen ja ihaillen. Tilanteet toivat mukanaan ristiriitoja. Monikkosisarukset kaipasivat lapsuudessa omaa aikaa, tilaa ja kavereita. Nuoruudessa yksilöllisyyttä ja rauhaa löytää oma identiteetti. Aikuisuudessa tasapainoa elämän tuomiin haasteisiin. Päiväkodin ja koulun tavat käsitellä ja kohdata monikkosisaruutta ja tukea heidän yksilöllisyyttään eivät ole olleet riittävät. Narratiivinen analyysimenetelmä monikkosisarusten identiteetin rakentumisessa mahdollisti identiteetin rakentumisen kokonaisvaltaisen ymmärtämisen saavuttamisen. Kehittämisehdotukset liittyvät monikkosisarusten yhteisöihin (perhe, ystävät, kaverit, perhepäivähoito, päiväkoti, koulu ja ehkä työpaikkakin) kohdentuvan tiedon saavuttamiseen, tapaan suhtautua ja kohdata yksilönä eikä toisena kaksosista tai yhtenä kolmosista/nelosista. Jatkotutkimushaasteena ovat monikkosisaruksiin kohdistuvan yksilöllisyyden tukemisen mallin ja seurannan kehittäminen. Myös koulutusta tulisi kehittää huomioimalla yksilöllisyyden monipuolinen tukeminen ja mahdollistamalla henkilökohtaisen kuuntelemisen ja jakamisen tarve monikkosisaruksen kohdalla niin kotona kuin koulussa.I want to be the only me in the world : the individual experience of multiple-birth siblings in different stages of life. Abstract. The objective of this narrative study is to describe from the perspective of multiple-birth siblings and based on their experience what kinds of support multiple birth siblings receive for the development of their own individuality in different stages of their lives, and how they perceive their role as multiple-birth siblings in contrast to single-birth individuals. The material of the study consists of biographical narratives and reflections, which are analyzed using a narrative-based analysis method, narrative analysis, and the actantial model developed by semiotician Julien Greimas. Greimas’ actantial analysis is used to identify actors, objectives and means in the material: the stories of multiple-birth siblings are analyzed for actors and counteractors, in other words elements that either support or undermine their individuality. These processes are used to identify themes that are prevalent in the material: being born as a multiple-birth child, the development of identity, the significance of being a multiple-birth sibling, growing into an individual, and the problems of being perceived as a twin/tripled/quadruplet instead of individual. Principal themes are the topics and the subjects highlighted by the stories and found to be important by multiple-birth siblings. The results describe multiple-birth identities: how they are formed, how they develop and how they are reconstructed at different stages of life. In early multiple-birth childhood, a key factor is the attitude of the parents towards the multiple-birth siblings either as individuals or highlighting and adoring their role as twins/triplets/quadruplets. Certain situations were found to frequently cause conflict. During childhood, multiple-birth siblings often long for personal time, space and friends; during youth, individuality and peace for discovering one’s own identity; during adulthood, balancing of life’s challenges. It was found that the ways of encountering and supporting multiple-birth siblings in kindergartens and schools were not sufficient. Analyzing the development of multiple-birth identities using the narrative methods makes it possible to understand the development of the multiple-birth identity in a comprehensive way. Suggestions for development are related to the availability of information relevant to the immediate communities around multiple-birth siblings (family, friends, day care, school, even professional life) and how multiple-birth siblings should be regarded as individuals instead of twins/triplets/quintuplets. Potential avenues for further study include the development of support and follow-up models for supporting the individuality of multiple-birth siblings. Education curriculums should also be reworked to enable comprehensive support of individuality and the fulfilment of personal attention and sharing needs of multiple-birth sisters both at home and in the training system

Grass silage for biorefinery – Separation efficiency and aerobic stability of silage and solid fraction

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Corticomuscular Coherence Is Tuned to the Spontaneous Rhythmicity of Speech at 2-3 Hz

Human speech features rhythmicity that frames distinctive, fine-grained speech patterns. Speech can thus be counted among rhythmic motor behaviors that generally manifest characteristic spontaneous rates. However, the critical neural evidence for tuning of articulatory control to a spontaneous rate of speech has not been uncovered. The present study examined the spontaneous rhythmicity in speech production and its relationship to cortex–muscle neurocommunication, which is essential for speech control. Our MEG results show that, during articulation, coherent oscillatory coupling between the mouth sensorimotor cortex and the mouth muscles is strongest at the frequency of spontaneous rhythmicity of speech at 2–3 Hz, which is also the typical rate of word production. Corticomuscular coherence, a measure of efficient cortex–muscle neurocommunication, thus reveals behaviorally relevant oscillatory tuning for spoken language.Peer reviewe

The first human report of mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, in Finland

Colistin resistance mediated by mobile mcr-1 gene has raised concern during the last years. After steep increase in mcr-1 reports, other mcr-gene variants (mcr-2 to mcr-5) have been revealed as well. In 2016, a clinical study was conducted on asymptomatic stool carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Finnish adults. All suspected ESBL producing bacterial isolates were first tested by phenotypic ESBL-confirmation methods, and then further analyzed with whole genome sequencing to identify the resistance genes. We found one study subject carrying a colistin resistant E.coli with a transferrable mcr-1 gene. This multi-drug resistant isolate, although initially suspected to be an ESBL producer, did not carry any ESBL genes, but was proven to carry several other resistance genes by using whole genome sequencing. Sequence type was ST93. The mcr-1 gene was connected to IncX4 plasmid which suggests that the colistin resistance gene locates in the respective plasmid. Here, we report the finding of a mcr-1 harboring human E.coli isolate from Finland. Clinical antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates are low in Finland, and mobile colistin resistance has not been reported previously. This highlights the importance of AMR surveillance also in populations with low levels of resistance

Sequence analysis of pooled bacterial samples enables identification of strain variation in group A streptococcus

Knowledge of the genomic variation among different strains of a pathogenic microbial species can help in selecting optimal candidates for diagnostic assays and vaccine development. Pooled sequencing (Pool-seq) is a cost effective approach for population level genetic studies that require large numbers of samples such as various strains of a microbe. To test the use of Pool-seq in identifying variation, we pooled DNA of 100 Streptococcus pyogenes strains of different emm types in two pools, each containing 50 strains. We used four variant calling tools (Freebayes, UnifiedGenotyper, SNVer, and SAMtools) and one emm1 strain, SF370, as a reference genome. In total 63719 SNPs and 164 INDELs were identified in the two pools concordantly by at least two of the tools. Majority of the variants (93.4%) from six individually sequenced strains used in the pools could be identified from the two pools and 72.3% and 97.4% of the variants in the pools could be mined from the analysis of the 44 complete Str. pyogenes genomes and 3407 sequence runs deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive respectively. We conclude that DNA sequencing of pooled samples of large numbers of bacterial strains is a robust, rapid and cost-efficient way to discover sequence variation.Peer reviewe

Chlamydia trachomatis samples testing falsely negative in the Aptima Combo 2 test in Finland, 2019

Since February 2019, over 160 Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) cases testing negative or equivocal by Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) but positive by Aptima CT test run with Panther instruments occurred in Finland. The AC2 test targets chlamydial 23S rRNA while the CT test targets 16S rRNA. Sequencing of 10 strains revealed a nucleotide substitution in 23S rRNA. The significance of this for the failure of the AC2 test to detect the variant is not yet known.Peer reviewe

Sensitivity, specificity, inclusivity and exclusivity of the updated Aptima Combo 2 assay, which provides detection coverage of the new diagnostic-escapeChlamydia trachomatisvariants

Background Four new variants ofChlamydia trachomatis(nvCTs), detected in several countries, cause false-negative or equivocal results using the Aptima Combo 2 assay (AC2; Hologic). We evaluated the clinical sensitivity and specificity, as well as the analytical inclusivity and exclusivity of the updated AC2 for the detection of CT andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) on the automated Panther system (Hologic). Methods We examined 1004 clinical AC2 samples and 225 analytical samples spiked with phenotypically and/or genetically diverse NG and CT strains, and other potentially cross-reacting microbial species. The clinical AC2 samples included CT wild type (WT)-positive (n = 488), all four described AC2 diagnostic-escape nvCTs (n = 170), NG-positive (n = 214), and CT/NG-negative (n = 202) specimens. Results All nvCT-positive samples (100%) and 486 (99.6%) of the CT WT-positive samples were positive in the updated AC2. All NG-positive, CT/NG-negative,Trichomonas vaginalis(TV)-positive, bacterial vaginosis-positive, andCandida-positive AC2 specimens gave correct results. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the updated AC2 for CT detection was 99.7 and 100%, respectively, and for NG detection was 100% for both. Examining spiked samples, the analytical inclusivity and exclusivity were 100%, i.e., in clinically relevant concentrations of spiked microbe. Conclusions The updated AC2, including two CT targets and one NG target, showed a high sensitivity, specificity, inclusivity and exclusivity for the detection of CT WT, nvCTs, and NG. The updated AC2 on the fully automated Panther system offers a simple, rapid, high-throughput, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of CT and NG, which can easily be combined with detection ofMycoplasma genitaliumand TV.Peer reviewe

Sensitivity, specificity, inclusivity and exclusivity of the updated Aptima Combo 2 assay, which provides detection coverage of the new diagnostic-escapeChlamydia trachomatisvariants

Background Four new variants ofChlamydia trachomatis(nvCTs), detected in several countries, cause false-negative or equivocal results using the Aptima Combo 2 assay (AC2; Hologic). We evaluated the clinical sensitivity and specificity, as well as the analytical inclusivity and exclusivity of the updated AC2 for the detection of CT andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) on the automated Panther system (Hologic). Methods We examined 1004 clinical AC2 samples and 225 analytical samples spiked with phenotypically and/or genetically diverse NG and CT strains, and other potentially cross-reacting microbial species. The clinical AC2 samples included CT wild type (WT)-positive (n = 488), all four described AC2 diagnostic-escape nvCTs (n = 170), NG-positive (n = 214), and CT/NG-negative (n = 202) specimens. Results All nvCT-positive samples (100%) and 486 (99.6%) of the CT WT-positive samples were positive in the updated AC2. All NG-positive, CT/NG-negative,Trichomonas vaginalis(TV)-positive, bacterial vaginosis-positive, andCandida-positive AC2 specimens gave correct results. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the updated AC2 for CT detection was 99.7 and 100%, respectively, and for NG detection was 100% for both. Examining spiked samples, the analytical inclusivity and exclusivity were 100%, i.e., in clinically relevant concentrations of spiked microbe. Conclusions The updated AC2, including two CT targets and one NG target, showed a high sensitivity, specificity, inclusivity and exclusivity for the detection of CT WT, nvCTs, and NG. The updated AC2 on the fully automated Panther system offers a simple, rapid, high-throughput, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of CT and NG, which can easily be combined with detection ofMycoplasma genitaliumand TV.Peer reviewe