5,445 research outputs found
Effects of isokinetic eccentric training on knee extensor and flexor torque and on gait of individuals with long term ACL reconstruction: A controlled clinical trial
Abstract-This study investigated the effects of the isokinetic eccentric training (IET) on the knee extensor and flexor torque and kinematic gait parameters in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Sixteen men with ACL reconstructed (ACLr) whose torque and the gait were evaluated, before and after 12 weeks of IET, was compared to a control group (14 individuals). Student t, MANOVA and ANOVA tests were performed with 5% of significance. The training increased the isometric, concentric at 30 and 120Âș/s (p < .05) and eccentric at 30Âș/s (p < .01) extensor torque on the affected limb (AL), and eccentric at 30 and 120Âș/s (p < .01), on the non-affected limb (NAL). In the flexors, there was an increase on the torque: isometric, concentric at 30Âș/s and eccentric at 30 and 120Âș/s (p < .01) in AL and in eccentric at 30 (p < .05) and 120Âș/s (p < .01) in NAL. With respect to the angular and spatio-temporal variables gait, there was no difference between pre-and post-training in LCAr group. Compared to control group, the cycle time, in two members, was lower in LCAr group, and stride length and cadence were higher in the AL of the LCAr (p < .05). Moreover, the knee flexion-extension angles (minimum and maximum) remained lower in LCAr, pre-and post-training (p < .01). The torque gain associated with eccentric isokinetic training did not affect the kinematic parameters of gait in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Keywords: gait, exercise, muscle strength, movement, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Resumo-"Efeitos do treinamento isocinĂ©tico excĂȘntrico de extensores de joelho e torque flexor na marcha de indivĂduos com reconstrução do LCA: Um ensaio clĂnico controlado." Este estudo investigou os efeitos do treinamento isocinĂ©tico excĂȘntrico (TIE) sobre o torque extensor e flexor do joelho e parĂąmetros cinemĂĄticos da marcha de indivĂduos com reconstrução do LCA. Dezesseis homens com LCA reconstruĂdo (LCAr), foram avaliados quanto ao torque e marcha, antes e apĂłs 12 semanas de TIE e comparados com um grupo controle (14 indivĂduos). Testes t Student, MANOVA e ANOVA foram realizados com 5% de significĂąncia. O treinamento aumentou o torque extensor isomĂ©trico, concĂȘntrico a 30 e 120Âș/s (p < 0,05) e excĂȘntrico a 30Âș/s (p < 0,01) no membro afetado (MA), e excĂȘntrico a 30 e 120Âș/s (p < 0,01), no membro nĂŁo afetado (MNA). Nos flexores, houve um aumento no torque: isomĂ©trico, concĂȘntrico a 30Âș/s e excĂȘntrico a 30 e 120Âș/s (p < 0,01) no MA, e excĂȘntrico a 30 (p < 0,05) e 120Âș/s (p < 0,01) no MNA. Com relação Ă s variĂĄveis espaço-temporais e angulares da marcha, nĂŁo houve diferença entre as avaliaçÔes prĂ© e pĂłs-treino no grupo LCAr. Comparado ao controle, a duração do ciclo, nos dois membros, foi menor no LCAr, e comprimento da passada e cadĂȘncia foram maiores no MA do grupo LCAr (p < 0,05). AlĂ©m disso, os Ăąngulos (mĂnimo e mĂĄximo) de flexĂŁo-extensĂŁo do joelho permaneceram menores no LCAr, prĂ© e pĂłs-treino (p < 0,01). O ganho de torque associado ao treinamento isocinĂ©tico excĂȘntrico nĂŁo modificou os parĂąmetros cinemĂĄticos da marcha nos indivĂduos submetidos Ă reconstrução do LCA. Palavras-chave: marcha, exercĂcio, força muscular, movimento, reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior H.H. Santos, C.O. Sousa, J.A. Barela, A.M.F. Barela & T.F. Salvini Motriz, Rio Claro, v.20 n.4, p. 431-441, Oct./Dec. 2014 432 Resumen-"Efectos del entrenamiento excĂ©ntrico isocinĂ©tico en extensor de la rodilla y el par flexor y sobre la marcha de las personas con reconstrucciĂłn ACL: Un ensayo clĂnico controlado." Este estudio investigĂł los efectos del entrenamiento isocinĂ©tico excĂ©ntrico (EIE) en el torque del extensor y del flexor de la rodilla y parĂĄmetros cinemĂĄticos de la marcha de personas con la reconstrucciĂłn del LCA. DiecisĂ©is hombres con LCA reconstruido (LCAr), fueron evaluados para el par y la marcha antes y despuĂ©s de 12 semanas de EIE y se compararon con un grupo control (14 personas). Prueba t Student, ANOVA y MANOVA se realizaron con 5 % de significaciĂłn. La formaciĂłn aumentĂł extensor torque isomĂ©trico, concĂ©ntrico 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,05) y la excĂ©ntrica 30°/s (p < 0,01) en el miembro afectado (MA), y la excĂ©ntrica 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,01) en el miembro no afectado (MNA). Flexor, hubo un aumento en el par motor: isomĂ©trica , concĂ©ntrica 30°/s excĂ©ntrica 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,01) en MA, excĂ©ntrico y 30 (p < 0,05 ) y 120°/ s (p < 0,01) en el MNA. Con respecto a las variables angulares y espacio-temporal de andar, no hubo diferencia entre pre y post-entrenamiento en grupo LCAr. En comparaciĂłn con el grupo control, el tiempo de ciclo, em los dos miembros, fue menor en LCAr, y la longitud del paso y cadencia fueron mayores en el LCAr del MA (p < 0,05). Por otra parte, los ĂĄngulos de flexiĂłn-extensiĂłn de la rodilla (mĂnimo y mĂĄximo) se mantuvieron bajos en LCAr, pre y post-entrenamiento (p < 0,01). El aumento del torque asociado con el entrenamiento isocinĂ©tico excĂ©ntrico no afectĂł los parĂĄmetros cinemĂĄticos de la marcha en las personas sometidas a la reconstrucciĂłn del LCA
Measurements of the reaction of antiproton annihilation at rest at three hydrogen target densities
The proton-antiproton annihilation at rest into the final state
was measured for three different target densities: liquid hydrogen, gaseous
hydrogen at NTP and at a low pressure of 5 mbar. The yield of this reaction in
the liquid hydrogen target is smaller than in the low-pressure gas target. The
branching ratios of the channel were calculated on the basis of
simultaneous analysis of the three data samples. The branching ratio for
annihilation into from the protonium state turns out to be
about ten times smaller as compared to the one from the state.Comment: 10 pages, 3 Postscript figures. Accepted by Physics Letters
Study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane with ARGO-YBJ
The events recorded by ARGO-YBJ in more than five years of data collection
have been analyzed to determine the diffuse gamma-ray emission in the Galactic
plane at Galactic longitudes 25{\deg} < l < 100{\deg} and Galactic latitudes .
The energy range covered by this analysis, from ~350 GeV to ~2 TeV, allows the
connection of the region explored by Fermi with the multi-TeV measurements
carried out by Milagro. Our analysis has been focused on two selected regions
of the Galactic plane, i.e., 40{\deg} < l < 100{\deg} and 65{\deg} < l <
85{\deg} (the Cygnus region), where Milagro observed an excess with respect to
the predictions of current models. Great care has been taken in order to mask
the most intense gamma-ray sources, including the TeV counterpart of the Cygnus
cocoon recently identified by ARGO-YBJ, and to remove residual contributions.
The ARGO-YBJ results do not show any excess at sub-TeV energies corresponding
to the excess found by Milagro, and are consistent with the predictions of the
Fermi model for the diffuse Galactic emission. From the measured energy
distribution we derive spectral indices and the differential flux at 1 TeV of
the diffuse gamma-ray emission in the sky regions investigated.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, published in AP
4.5 years multi-wavelength observations of Mrk 421 during the ARGO-YBJ and Fermi common operation time
We report on the extensive multi-wavelength observations of the blazar
Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) covering radio to gamma-rays, during the 4.5 year
period of ARGO-YBJ and Fermi common operation time, from August 2008 to
February 2013. In particular, thanks to the ARGO-YBJ and Fermi data, the whole
energy range from 100 MeV to 10 TeV is covered without any gap. In the
observation period, Mrk 421 showed both low and high activity states at all
wavebands. The correlations among flux variations in different wavebands were
analyzed. Seven large flares, including five X-ray flares and two GeV gamma-ray
flares with variable durations (3-58 days), and one X-ray outburst phase were
identified and used to investigate the variation of the spectral energy
distribution with respect to a relative quiescent phase. During the outburst
phase and the seven flaring episodes, the peak energy in X-rays is observed to
increase from sub-keV to few keV. The TeV gamma-ray flux increases up to
0.9-7.2 times the flux of the Crab Nebula. The behavior of GeV gamma-rays is
found to vary depending on the flare, a feature that leads us to classify
flares into three groups according to the GeV flux variation. Finally, the
one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model was adopted to describe the emission
spectra. Two out of three groups can be satisfactorily described using injected
electrons with a power-law spectral index around 2.2, as expected from
relativistic diffuse shock acceleration, whereas the remaining group requires a
harder injected spectrum. The underlying physical mechanisms responsible for
different groups may be related to the acceleration process or to the
environment properties.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ
The cosmic ray proton plus helium energy spectrum measured by the ARGO-YBJ experiment in the energy range 3-300 TeV
The ARGO-YBJ experiment is a full-coverage air shower detector located at the
Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory (Tibet, People's Republic of China, 4300 m
a.s.l.). The high altitude, combined with the full-coverage technique, allows
the detection of extensive air showers in a wide energy range and offer the
possibility of measuring the cosmic ray proton plus helium spectrum down to the
TeV region, where direct balloon/space-borne measurements are available. The
detector has been in stable data taking in its full configuration from November
2007 to February 2013. In this paper the measurement of the cosmic ray proton
plus helium energy spectrum is presented in the region 3-300 TeV by analyzing
the full collected data sample. The resulting spectral index is . These results demonstrate the possibility of performing an accurate
measurement of the spectrum of light elements with a ground based air shower
detector.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, preprint submitted to Phys. Rev.
EAS age determination from the study of the lateral distribution of charged particles near the shower axis with the ARGO-YBJ experiment
The ARGO-YBJ experiment, a full coverage extensive air shower (EAS) detector
located at high altitude (4300 m a.s.l.) in Tibet, China, has smoothly taken
data, with very high stability, since November 2007 to the beginning of 2013.
The array consisted of a carpet of about 7000 m Resistive Plate Chambers
(RPCs) operated in streamer mode and equipped with both digital and analog
readout, providing the measurement of particle densities up to few particles
per cm. The unique detector features (full coverage, readout granularity,
wide dynamic range, etc) and location (very high altitude) allowed a detailed
study of the lateral density profile of charged particles at ground very close
to the shower axis and its description by a proper lateral distribution
function (LDF). In particular, the information collected in the first 10 m from
the shower axis have been shown to provide a very effective tool for the
determination of the shower development stage ("age") in the energy range 50
TeV - 10 PeV. The sensitivity of the age parameter to the mass composition of
primary Cosmic Rays is also discussed
New data on OZI rule violation in bar{p}p annihilation at rest
The results of a measurement of the ratio R = Y(phi pi+ pi-) / Y(omega pi+
pi-) for antiproton annihilation at rest in a gaseous and in a liquid hydrogen
target are presented. It was found that the value of this ratio increases with
the decreasing of the dipion mass, which demonstrates the difference in the phi
and omega production mechanisms. An indication on the momentum transfer
dependence of the apparent OZI rule violation for phi production from the 3S1
initial state was found.Comment: 11 pages, 3 PostScript figures, submitted to Physics Letter
Observation of TeV gamma rays from the Cygnus region with the ARGO-YBJ experiment
We report the observation of TeV gamma-rays from the Cygnus region using the
ARGO-YBJ data collected from 2007 November to 2011 August. Several TeV sources
are located in this region including the two bright extended MGRO J2019+37 and
MGRO J2031+41. According to the Milagro data set, at 20 TeV MGRO J2019+37 is
the most significant source apart from the Crab Nebula. No signal from MGRO
J2019+37 is detected by the ARGO-YBJ experiment, and the derived flux upper
limits at 90% confidence level for all the events above 600 GeV with medium
energy of 3 TeV are lower than the Milagro flux, implying that the source might
be variable and hard to be identified as a pulsar wind nebula. The only
statistically significant (6.4 standard deviations) gamma-ray signal is found
from MGRO J2031+41, with a flux consistent with the measurement by Milagro.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
Observation of TeV gamma-rays from the unidentified source HESS J1841-055 with the ARGO-YBJ experiment
We report the observation of a very high energy \gamma-ray source, whose
position is coincident with HESS J1841-055. This source has been observed for
4.5 years by the ARGO-YBJ experiment from November 2007 to July 2012. Its
emission is detected with a statistical significance of 5.3 standard
deviations. Parameterizing the source shape with a two-dimensional Gaussian
function we estimate an extension \sigma=(0.40(+0.32,-0.22}) degree, consistent
with the HESS measurement. The observed energy spectrum is dN/dE =(9.0-+1.6) x
10^{-13}(E/5 TeV)^{-2.32-+0.23} photons cm^{-2} s^{-1} TeV^{-1}, in the energy
range 0.9-50 TeV. The integral \gamma-ray flux above 1 TeV is 1.3-+0.4 Crab
units, which is 3.2-+1.0 times the flux derived by HESS. The differences in the
flux determination between HESS and ARGO-YBJ, and possible counterparts at
other wavelengths are discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, have been accepted for publication in Ap
Search for Gamma Ray Bursts with the Argo-YBJ Detector in Scaler Mode
We report on the search for Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) in the energy range 1-100
GeV in coincidence with the prompt emission detected by satellites using the
Astrophysical Radiation with Ground-based Observatory at YangBaJing (ARGO-YBJ)
air shower detector. Thanks to its mountain location (Yangbajing, Tibet, P.R.
China, 4300 m a.s.l.), active surface (about 6700 m**2 of Resistive Plate
Chambers), and large field of view (about 2 sr, limited only by the atmospheric
absorption), the ARGO-YBJ air shower detector is particularly suitable for the
detection of unpredictable and short duration events such as GRBs. The search
is carried out using the "single particle technique", i.e. counting all the
particles hitting the detector without measurement of the energy and arrival
direction of the primary gamma rays.
Between 2004 December 17 and 2009 April 7, 81 GRBs detected by satellites
occurred within the field of view of ARGO-YBJ (zenith angle < 45 deg). It was
possible to examine 62 of these for >1 GeV counterpart in the ARGO-YBJ data
finding no statistically significant emission. With a lack of detected spectra
in this energy range fluence upper limits are profitable, especially when the
redshift is known and the correction for the extragalactic absorption can be
considered. The obtained fluence upper limits reach values as low as 10**{-5}
erg cm**{-2} in the 1-100 GeV energy region.
Besides this individual search for a higher energy counterpart, a statistical
study of the stack of all the GRBs both in time and in phase was made, looking
for a common feature in the GRB high energy emission. No significant signal has
been detected.Comment: accepted for publication in Ap
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