The Rowan County War

An article published in the January 1910 World Wide Magazine by Edward T. Moran (a.k.a. Cora Wilson Stewart) on the Rowan County War

National Soils Database

End of project reportThe objectives of the National Soils Database project were fourfold. The first was to generate a national database of soil geochemistry to complete the work that commenced with a survey of the South East of Ireland carried out in 1995 and 1996 by Teagasc (McGrath and McCormack, 1999). Secondly, to produce point and interpolated spatial distribution maps of major, minor and trace elements and to interpret these with respect to underlying parent material, glacial geology, land use and possible anthropogenic effects. A third objective was to investigate the microbial community structure in a range of soil types to determine the relationship between soil microbiology and chemistry. The final objective was to establish a National Soils Archive

Pengaruh Otonomi Daerah Terhadap Percepatan Pembangunan Infrastruktur Di Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara

North Bolaang Mongondow Regency formed as a result of the nuances of reform and regional autonomy. North Bolaang Mongondow with its existence as an expansion are after the implementation of regional autonomy, the maters that were examined in this study was: how much influence among the variables of human resources, financial resources/funding, policy development to variable acceleration of infrastructure development in North Bolaang Mongondow. The research method used was research using both primary and secondary data, by dividing the questionnaire and secondary data collection agencies. Inference and descriptive statistics used in this research is simple regression and multiple regressions. Respondents totaled 75 people, drawn by simple random sampling. The results of this study show that there are significant human resource affect toward infrastructure acceleration; the higher the human resource, then, the better the acceleration of the development. there are significant financial resources impact on infrastructure acceleration; the higher the financial resources, then, the faster the infrastructure acceleration is. There are significant effects of the development policy toward the infrastructure acceleration; the higher the development policy, then, the better the infrastructure acceleration. It is advised that human resource should be improved and developed through civil service recruitment with accurate competition and qualification, technical tutor related to infrastructure acceleration, and incentive to existing employees. Besides, there should be researches done in relation to financial resources aspects in North Bolaang Mongondow Region in order to infrastructure development acceleration. There also should be further researches especially about divisions of development policies between the development done by both legislative and executive government

Teaching: the role of active manipulation of three-dimensional scatter plots in understanding the concept of confounding

In teaching epidemiology, confounding is a difficult topic. The authors designed active learning objects (LO) based on manipulable three-dimensional (3D) plots to facilitate understanding of confounding. The 3D LOs help illustrate of how confounding can occur, how it generates bias and how to adjust for it. For the development of the LOs, guidelines were formulated based on epidemiology and theories of instructional design. These included integrating the conceptual and empirical aspects: the causal relationships believed to be operating in the study population (conceptual aspect) and data-oriented associations (empirical aspect). Other guidelines based on theories of instructional design included: actively engage the students, use visual methods when possible, and motivate the students about the importance of the topic. Students gave the method strong positive evaluations. Experts in epidemiology agreed that the 3D LOs apply generally accepted scientific views on confounding. Based on their experiences, the authors think that the 3D plots can be useful addition in the teaching of confounding. The article includes links and a downloadable file that provide a demonstration of the 3D LO-based teaching materials

Prediction of higher thermoelectric performance in BiCuSeO by weakening electron-polar optical phonon scattering

BiCuSeO is a promising thermoelectric material, but its applications are hindered by low carrier mobility. We use first-principles calculations to analyse electron–phonon scattering mechanisms and evaluate their contributions to the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT. The combined scattering of carriers by polar optical (PO) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons yields an intrinsic hole mobility of 32 cm^{2} V^{−1} s^{−1} at room temperature and a temperature power law of T^{−1.5} between 100–875 K, which agree well with experiments. We demonstrate that electron–phonon scattering in the Cu–Se layer dominates at low T (< 500 K), while contributions from the Bi–O layer become increasingly significant at higher T. At room temperature, ZT is calculated to be 0.48 and can be improved by 30% through weakening PO phonon scattering in the Cu–Se layer. This finding agrees with the experimental observation that weakening the electron–phonon interaction by Te substitution in the Cu–Se layer improves mobility and ZT. At high T, the figure of merit is improved by weakening the electron–PO phonon scattering in the Bi–O layer instead. The theoretical ZT limit of BiCuSeO is calculated to be 2.5 at 875 K

Effects of Octahedral Tilting on Band Structure and Thermoelectric Power Factor of Titanate Perovskites: A First-Principles Study on SrTiO₃

Doped SrTiO_{3} and other perovskite structured titanates are attracting interest as n-type thermoelectric materials due to their relatively high thermoelectric power factor, low toxicity, and modest cost. Taking SrTiO_{3} as an example, the effects of octahedral tilting on the electronic band structure and thermoelectric power factor of titanate perovskites have been studied from first-principles calculations. By utilizing Glazer’s notation, six representative tilt systems, including three out-of-phase (a^{0}a^{0}c^{–}, a^{0}b^{-}b^{–}, and a^{–}a^{–}a^{–}) and three in-phase tilt systems (a^{0}a^{0}c^{+}, a^{0}b^{+}b^{+}, and a^{+}a^{+}a^{+}), were investigated. It is found that out-of-phase tilting improves the optimum power factor as compared to the cubic aristotype, while in-phase tilting marginally lowers the optimum power factor. The largest increase in power factor (∼100%) is obtained in the one-tilt system a^{0}a^{0}c^{–} at a tilt angle of 15°, which can be achieved with an energy cost of only 44 kJ mol^{–1} per formula unit. These findings agree with the experimental evidence that increased power factors are found in a^{0}a^{0}c^{–} and a^{–}a^{–}a^{–} tilt systems of titanate perovskites. The predicted increase of Seebeck coefficient as a function of tilt angle in the a^{–}a^{–}a^{–} tilt system of SrTiO_{3} is also consistent with the experimental increase of Seebeck coefficient in a^{–}a^{–}a^{–} titanates of La_{0.55}K_{0.45}TiO_{3} and La_{0.5}Na_{0.5}Ti_{0.9}Nb_{0.1}O_{3}. Our simulations provide valuable insights into tuning the thermoelectric power factor of titanate perovskites by controlling octahedral tilting

X-ray measured metallicities of the intra-cluster medium: a good measure for the metal mass?

Aims. We investigate whether X-ray observations map heavy elements in the Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM) well and whether the X-ray observations yield good estimates for the metal mass, with respect to predictions on transport mech- anisms of heavy elements from galaxies into the ICM. We further test the accuracy of simulated metallicity maps. Methods. We extract synthetic X-ray spectra from N-body/hydrodynamic simulations including metal enrichment pro- cesses, which we then analyse with the same methods as are applied to observations. By changing the metal distribution in the simulated galaxy clusters, we investigate the dependence of the overall metallicity as a function of the metal distribution. In addition we investigate the difference of X-ray weighted metal maps produced by simulations and metal maps extracted from artifcial X-ray spectra, which we calculate with SPEX2.0 and analyse with XSPEC12.0. Results. The overall metallicity depends strongly on the distribution of metals within the galaxy cluster. The more inhomogeneously the metals are distributed within the cluster, the less accurate is the metallicity as a measure for the true metal mass. The true metal mass is generally underestimated by X-ray observations. The difference between the X-ray weighted metal maps and the metal maps from synthetic X-ray spectra is on average less than 7% in the temperature regime above T > 3E7 K, i.e. X-ray weighted metal maps can be well used for comparison with observed metal maps. Extracting the metal mass in the central parts (r < 500 kpc) of galaxy clusters with X-ray observations results in metal mass underestimates up to a factor of three.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Distinct trajectories of leisure time physical activity and predictors of trajectory class membership: a 22 year cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prospective studies linking social factors to long term patterns of physical activity are lacking. In this 22 year longitudinal study, we seek to identify long term patterns of involvement in leisure time physical activity (LTPA), and explore socioeconomic and demographic predictors of distinct LTPA trajectories.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Among 2102 individuals aged 18–60 years in 1981 who participated in the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey/1988 Campbell's Survey of Well-Being, 1186 (56.4%) completed questionnaires for the 2002/04 follow-up. Complete data on LTPA at all 3 surveys were available for 884 participants. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify major classes of LTPA trajectories; predictors of class membership were identified using polytomous logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four latent classes were identified: <it>inactive</it>, <it>increasers</it>, <it>active</it>, and <it>decreasers </it>(53%, 26%, 12%, and 9% of participants, respectively). Women, older participants, those with lower household income, and with lower educational attainment, were significantly less likely to follow <it>active </it>(Vs. <it>inactive</it>) trajectories of LTPA. Disadvantaged groups with respect to education and income were also significantly more likely to follow <it>decreasing </it>(Vs. <it>active</it>) trajectories.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There is a need for continued efforts to increase overall population levels of LTPA, particularly among socially disadvantaged groups with respect to income and education, who are most likely to experience unfavorable trajectories of LTPA.</p

Chemo-Archaeological Downsizing in a Hierarchical Universe: Impact of a Top Heavy IGIMF

We make use of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation to investigate the origin of the observed correlation between [a/Fe] abundance ratios and stellar mass in elliptical galaxies. We implement a new galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function (Top Heavy Integrated Galaxy Initial Mass Function, TH-IGIMF) in the semi-analytic model SAG and evaluate its impact on the chemical evolution of galaxies. The SFR-dependence of the slope of the TH-IGIMF is found to be key to reproducing the correct [a/Fe]-stellar mass relation. Massive galaxies reach higher [a/Fe] abundance ratios because they are characterized by more top-heavy IMFs as a result of their higher SFR. As a consequence of our analysis, the value of the minimum embedded star cluster mass and of the slope of the embedded cluster mass function, which are free parameters involved in the TH-IGIMF theory, are found to be as low as 5 solar masses and 2, respectively. A mild downsizing trend is present for galaxies generated assuming either a universal IMF or a variable TH-IGIMF. We find that, regardless of galaxy mass, older galaxies (with formation redshifts > 2) are formed in shorter time-scales (< 2 Gyr), thus achieving larger [a/Fe] values. Hence, the time-scale of galaxy formation alone cannot explain the slope of the [a/Fe]-galaxy mass relation, but is responsible for the big dispersion of [a/Fe] abundance ratios at fixed stellar mass.We further test the hyphothesis of a TH-IGIMF in elliptical galaxies by looking into mass-to-light ratios, and luminosity functions. Models with a TH-IGIMF are also favoured by these constraints. In particular, mass-to-light ratios agree with observed values for massive galaxies while being overpredicted for less massive ones; this overprediction is present regardless of the IMF considered.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. (Comments most welcome). Summited to MNRA