Pemantauan Senyawa Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Ddt) dan Turunannya di Daerah Cianjur, Jawa Barat

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) merupakan senyawa organik yang relatif bertahan lama di lingkungan, sulit terdegradasi melalui proses kimia, biologi, dan fotolisis serta sukar larut di dalam air tetapi cenderung larut dalam lemak. Oleh karena sifatnya ini, POPs cenderung bersifat akumulatif dan bertahan di lingkungan. Selain itu, sen­yawa ini juga bersifat semivolatil sehingga dapat berada dalam fase uap ataupun terserap di dalam partikel debu, sehingga POPs dapat menempuh jarak yang jauh di udara (long-range air transport) sebelum akhirnya terdepo­sisi di bumi. Dari beberapa bentuk senyawa POPs, senyawa insektisida organoklorin yang paling bertahan lama dan mempunyai sifat bioakumulasi, diantaranya adalah Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( DDT ). Pemantauan kualitas lingkungan akibat pencemaran kelompok senyawa POPs, termasuk senyawa DDT dan turunannya telah dilakukan didaerah holtikultura Cianjur. Sampel diambil di beberapa lokasi yaitu PLTA Cijedil, Desa Cibeureum, Desa Sukatani, Agropolitan, dan Desa Sindang Jaya. Matriks yang diambil adalah air, sedimen sungai, dan tanah pertanian/perkebunan. Sampling air dan sedimen sungai dilakukan dengan metode sesaat sedangkan untuk tanah, menggunakan metode komposit tempat. Pemantauan ini mempunyai tujuan untuk menginventarisir jenis dan kon­sentrasi residu senyawa POPs yang terdapat di lingkungan terutama DDT dan turunannya. Isomer DDT yang paling banyak terbentuk di lingkungan adalah p,p\u27-DDT ( 80 % ) dan o,p\u27-DDT ( 20 % ). Senyawa POPs diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut organik, kemudian di clean-up dan dianalisis dengan GCMS menggunakan kolom kapiler non polar. Pada pemantauan tahun 2011, senyawa p,p\u27-DDT tidak terdeteksi dalam sampel sedimen, tetapi pada tahun 2012, ditemukan sekitar 3.7 ng/g dalam sedimen Sungai Cibeureum dekat PLTA Cijedil, Cugenang -Jawa Barat dan meningkat sebesar 6.95 ng/g pada tahun 2012 di lokasi yang sama. Masih pada tahun 2011, p,p\u27-DDT dan p,p\u27-DDE ditemukan tertinggi di tanah perkebunan Desa Sindang Jaya, Cipanas – Jawa Barat sebesar 446 ng/g, dan 184 ng/g, Tahun 2012 dan 2013 DDT dan turunannya masih terdeteksi namun konsentrasi cenderung menurun. Sementara itu pada sampel air tidak ditemukan senyawa DDT dan turunanny

The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005–2020

Funding Information: Authors from Portugal were funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT) through contract GHTM-UID/Multi/04413/ 2013. R. Rocha was supported by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science (via FCT) through a PhD grant (UI/BD/151067/2021). C. Muñoz holds a postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas (University of Murcia) from the Program of Requalification of the Spanish University System (Spanish Ministry of Universities) financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Maia et al.Background This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autoch-thonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control. Methodology/Principal findings It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autoch-thonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishman-iasis cases—of which 94% were autochthonous—and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases —of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005–2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53– 0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07–0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal. Conclusions/Significance Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006–2007 and 2011–2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases pro-vide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control.publishersversionpublishe

Leishmaniases in the European Union and Neighboring Countries

A questionnaire survey of animal and human health authorities in Europe revealed that leishmaniases are not notifiable in all countries with autochthonous cases. Few countries implement surveillance and control targeting both animal and human infections. Leishmaniases are considered emergent diseases in most countries, and lack of resources is a challenge for control.publishersversionpublishe

Comparison of Leishmania typing results obtained from 16 European clinical laboratories in 2014.

Leishmaniasis is endemic in southern Europe, and in other European countries cases are diagnosed in travellers who have visited affected areas both within the continent and beyond. Prompt and accurate diagnosis poses a challenge in clinical practice in Europe. Different methods exist for identification of the infecting Leishmania species. Sixteen clinical laboratories in 10 European countries, plus Israel and Turkey, conducted a study to assess their genotyping performance. DNA from 21 promastigote cultures of 13 species was analysed blindly by the routinely used typing method. Five different molecular targets were used, which were analysed with PCR-based methods. Different levels of identification were achieved, and either the Leishmania subgenus, species complex, or actual species were reported. The overall error rate of strains placed in the wrong complex or species was 8.5%. Various reasons for incorrect typing were identified. The study shows there is considerable room for improvement and standardisation of Leishmania typing. The use of well validated standard operating procedures is recommended, covering testing, interpretation, and reporting guidelines. Application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the rDNA array should be restricted to Old World samples, while the heat-shock protein 70 gene and the mini-exon can be applied globally

Detection and Identification of Old World Leishmania by High Resolution Melt Analysis

Protozoal parasites of the genus Leishmania are transmitted by sand fly bites to humans and animals. Three major forms of disease are caused by these parasites: cutaneous leishmaniasis, responsible for disfiguring skin wounds; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, causing non-healing ulceration around the mouth and nose; and the potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, involving internal organs such as the spleen and liver. More than 2 million new human infections are caused annually by leishmaniasis globally, it is endemic in more than 88 countries and prevalent also as an imported disease in non-endemic regions due to travel and tourism. Most species of Leishmania that infect humans are zoonotic and transmitted from animal reservoir hosts. As various leishmanial parasites cause disease with similar symptoms, but require different therapeutic regimens and have dissimilar prognoses, reliable, sensitive and rapid diagnostic assays are needed. This study focuses on the five main species that cause leishmaniasis in the Old World. It presents a new assay for rapid detection, species identification and quantification of leishmanial parasites in clinical samples, reservoir hosts and sand flies. This technique could be especially valuable in regions where several leishmanial species exist, in non-endemic regions where infected patients require a rapid diagnosis, and for epidemiological host and vector studies leading to prevention programs

The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005–2020

[Background]: This study describes the spatial and temporal distribution between 2005 and 2020 of human and animal leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in European countries reporting autochthonous cases, and highlights potential activities to improve disease control.[Methodology/principal findings]: It was based on a review of the scientific literature and data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the Ministries of Health, including hospital discharges in some countries. Autochthonous infections were reported in the scientific literature from 22 countries, including 13 and 21 countries reporting human and animal infections, respectively. In contrast, only 17 countries reported autochthonous human leishmaniasis cases to the WHO and 8 countries animal infections to the WOAH. The number of WOAH reported cases were 4,203, comprising 4,183 canine cases and 20 cases in wildlife. Of 8,367 WHO reported human cases, 69% were visceral leishmaniasis cases-of which 94% were autochthonous-and 31% cutaneous leishmaniasis cases-of which 53% were imported and mostly in France. The resulting cumulative incidence per 100,000 population of visceral leishmaniasis between 2005-2020, was highest in Albania (2.15 cases), followed by Montenegro, Malta, Greece, Spain and North Macedonia (0.53-0.42), Italy (0.16), Portugal (0.09) and lower in other endemic countries (0.07-0.002). However, according to hospital discharges, the estimated human leishmaniasis incidence was 0.70 in Italy and visceral leishmaniasis incidences were 0.67 in Spain and 0.41 in Portugal.[Conclusions/significance]: Overall, there was no evidence of widespread increased incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis by L. infantum in European countries. Visceral leishmaniasis incidence followed a decreasing trend in Albania, Italy and Portugal, and peaked in Greece in 2013, 2014 and 2017, and in Spain in 2006-2007 and 2011-2013. Animal and human cutaneous leishmaniasis remain highly underreported. In humans, hospital discharge databases provide the most accurate information on visceral leishmaniasis and may be a valuable indirect source of information to identify hotspots of animal leishmaniasis. Integrated leishmaniasis surveillance and reporting following the One Health approach, needs to be enhanced in order to improve disease control.Authors from Portugal were funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT) through contract GHTM-UID/Multi/04413/2013. R. Rocha was supported by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science (via FCT) through a PhD grant (UI/BD/151067/2021). C. Muñoz holds a postdoctoral contract Margarita Salas (University of Murcia) from the Program of Requalification of the Spanish University System (Spanish Ministry of Universities) financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU.Peer reviewe

An epidemiological study on canine leishmaniasis (canl) and sand flies in northern cyprus

Amaç: Çalışmada, Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta ev ve sokak köpeklerinde kanin leishmaniasis (KanL) prevalansının belirlenmesi ve olası vektör kum sineği türlerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Araştırma, 2004 ve 2012’de iki ayrı dönemde gerçekleştirilmiş olup birinci dönemde 83 köpekten toplanan kan örnekleri ile serolojik (IFAT, rK39 hızlı tanı testi) ve moleküler (PCR) testler çalışılmıştır. Birinci çalışmada, 13A/13B primer çiftinin kullanıldığı “kinetoplastik minicircle” sabit gen bölgesinin hedeflendiği PCR testi, ikinci dönemde ise klinik şüpheli 5 köpekten toplanan kan örneklerine R221/ R332 ve R223/333 primer setlerinin kullanıldığı genomik nested-PCR testi uygulanmıştır. İkinci çalışmada, bölgedeki faunanın belirlenmesi amacıyla Girne ili ve Lapta kasabasından ışıklı tuzak yardımıyla kum sinekleri toplanmış ve direkt mikroskobi ile Leishmania parazitinin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Toplamda, 2004 yılında rastgele örneklenen 83 köpekten 3 (%3.61) tanesi herhangi bir test ile KanL açısından pozitif bulunurken, 2012 yılında klinik olarak şüpheli 5 köpekten 3 tanesi pozitif bulunmuştur. Toplanan kum sineklerinden 296 dişi diseke edilmiş ve Phlebotomus ile Sergentomyia cinslerine ait 9 tür belirlenmiştir. Dişi kum sineklerinde promastigot şekline rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç: İnsanlarda ve köpeklerde leishmaniasis insidansının belirlenmesi için Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta ileri çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. KanL olgularına doğru ve zamanında tanı konmalı ve yeni enfeksiyonların önlenebilmesi için kontrol önlemleri uygulanmalıdır. İki ayrı dönemde yapılan araştırma sonuçları Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta toplum ve hayvan sağlığı açısından KanL riskinin arttığını ve daha ciddiye alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir.Objective: In this study, the investigation on the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and sand fly species incriminated as potential vectors of leishmaniasis in the northern part of the Cyprus were aimed. Methods: This research was conducted in two periods; 2004 and 2012. Serological (IFAT and rK39) and molecular (PCR) tests were performed on 83 dog blood samples during the 2004 survey. PCR was performed using primers 13A/13B targeting kinetoplastid minicircle constant region. Genomic Nested-PCR was applied using R221/R332 and R323/333 primers for 5 clinically suspected dog samples in 2012. Sand flies were collected from the Lapithos town and Kyreniae province using CDC light traps and midgut dissection was done for the presence of Leishmania parasites during the 2012 survey.Results: Three (3.61%) out of 83 dogs were found to be positive for CanL in 2004, while 3 out of 5 clinically suspected dogs were positive in 2012. In total 296 female sand flies were dissected and 9 species belonging to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera were determined. No promastigote was found in the dissected females. Conclusion: The results obtained in two different periods showed that the importance and risk of canine disease are increasing in the northern Cyprus and further studies should be performed in northern Cyprus for determining the incidence of canine and human leishmaniasis

Periodontal hastalığı bulunan kişilerde diş eti plaklarında entamoeba gingivalis ve trichomonas tenax araştırılması

The oral cavity is suitable for invasion of many microorganisms. Entamoeba gingivalis (E.gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T.tenax) settle in the oral cavity of patients with poor oral hygiene and gingival disease. In the present study, two slide specimens were prepared from the cole region of the teeth of 46 persons for investigation of the parasites. One of the slide specimens was dried in the air while the other one put into fixative and they were stained with trichrome and Giemsa stains. The two staining methods were used for 36 samples and only Giemsa, for 10 samples. E. gingivalis was positive in 7 (19.44%) out of 36 samples stained by the trichrome stain while T. tenax was positive in one (2.17%) out of 46 samples stained by Giemsa stain. Parasitic infections were found to be positive in seven (21.2%) specimen from 33 patients with periodontal disease and in one (7.69%) specimen from 13 healthy controls. Dental policlinics are generally far from parasitology laboratories and microscopical wet mount examination can not be performed. Therefore dentists can send the specimens and have the parasites diagnosed with Giemsa and trichrome staining methods as an alternative to wet mount examination.Ağız boşluğu birçok mikroorganizmanın yerleşmesine elverişlidir. Sudaki, besinlerdeki, hava ve ellerdeki mikroorganizmalar kolayca ağız boşluğuna girebilirler. Ağız florasında çok sayıda ve değişik türde mikroorganizma bulunmaktadır. Parazitlerden ise Entamoeba gingivalis (E.gingivalis) ve Trichomonas tenax (T.tenax) protozoon parazitleri ağızda yerleşmekte ve apatojen olarak kabul edilmektedirler. Ancak ağız hijyeni bozuk ve diş eti hastalığı bulunan kişilerde daha yüksek oranda saptanmaktadırlar. Çalışmamızda, ağız boşluğunda yerleşen parazitlerin araştırılması amacıyla toplam 46 kişiden dişin kole bölgesinden 2 lama kazıntı örnekleri alınmıştır. Lamlardan birisi fiksatif içerisinde diğeri de havada kurutularak Parazitoloji laboratuvarına getirilerek Trichrome ve Giemsa boyaları ile boyanmışlardır. Kırkaltı örneğin tümüne Giemsa boyası uygulanırken, 36 örneğe ayrıca Trichrome boyası da uygulanmıştır. Trichrome boyası ile boyanan 36 örnekten 7'sinde (%19,44) E.gingivalis'e rastlanmıştır. Giemsa ile boyanan 46 örnekten birisinde (%2,17) T.tenax görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda periodontal hastalığı bulunan 33 kişiden 7'sinde (%21,2) parazit saptanırken 13 kişilik sağlıklı kontrol grubunda ise bir kişide (%7,69) parazit saptanmıştır. Diş Hekimliği poliklinikleri genellikle Parazitoloji polikliniklerinden uzakta bulunmakta ve preparatların direkt bakısı mümkün olamamaktadır. Bu nedenle ağızda yerleşen parazitlerin tanısında taze direkt bakıya alternatif olarak Giemsa ve Trichrome boya yöntemlerinin uygulanması, Diş Hekimlerinin Parazitoloji laboratuvarlarına örnek gönderebilmelerini ve böylece tanı konabilmesini sağlayacaktır