2,916 research outputs found
Revisiting the small-world phenomenon: efficiency variation and classification of small-world networks
Research has explored how embeddedness in small-world networks influences individual and firm outcomes. We show that there remains significant heterogeneity among networks classified as small-world networks. We develop measures of the efficiency of a network, which allow us to refine predictions associated with small-world networks. A network is classified as a small-world network if it exhibits a distance between nodes that is comparable to the distance found in random networks of similar sizesâwith ties randomly allocated among nodesâin addition to containing dense clusters. To assess how efficient a network is, there are two questions worth asking: (i) âwhat is a compelling random network for baseline levels of distance and clustering?â and (ii) âhow proximal should an observed value be to the baseline to be deemed comparable?â. Our framework tests properties of networks, using simulation, to further classify small-world networks according to their efficiency. Our results suggest that small-world networks exhibit significant variation in efficiency. We explore implications for the field of management and organization
Dust detection by the wave instrument on STEREO: nanoparticles picked up by the solar wind?
The STEREO/WAVES instrument has detected a very large number of intense
voltage pulses. We suggest that these events are produced by impact ionisation
of nanoparticles striking the spacecraft at a velocity of the order of
magnitude of the solar wind speed. Nanoparticles, which are half-way between
micron-sized dust and atomic ions, have such a large charge-to-mass ratio that
the electric field induced by the solar wind magnetic field accelerates them
very efficiently. Since the voltage produced by dust impacts increases very
fast with speed, such nanoparticles produce signals as high as do much larger
grains of smaller speeds. The flux of 10-nm radius grains inferred in this way
is compatible with the interplanetary dust flux model. The present results may
represent the first detection of fast nanoparticles in interplanetary space
near Earth orbit.Comment: In press in Solar Physics, 13 pages, 5 figure
Are we seeing accretion flows in a 250kpc-sized Ly-alpha halo at z=3?
Using MUSE on the ESO-VLT, we obtained a 4 hour exposure of the z=3.12 radio
galaxy MRC0316-257. We detect features down to ~10^-19 erg/s/cm^2/arcsec^2 with
the highest surface brightness regions reaching more than a factor of 100
higher. We find Ly-alpha emission out to ~250 kpc in projection from the active
galactic nucleus (AGN). The emission shows arc-like morphologies arising at
150-250 kpc from the nucleus in projection with the connected filamentary
structures reaching down into the circum-nuclear region. The most distant arc
is offset by 700 km/s relative to circum-nuclear HeII 1640 emission, which we
assume to be at the systemic velocity. As we probe emission closer to the
nucleus, the filamentary emission narrows in projection on the sky, the
relative velocity decreases to ~250 km/s, and line full-width at half maximum
range from 300-700 km/s. From UV line ratios, the emission on scales of 10s of
kpc from the nucleus along a wide angle in the direction of the radio jets is
clearly excited by the radio jets and ionizing radiation of the AGN. Assuming
ionization equilibrium, the more extended emission outside of the axis of the
jet direction would require 100% or more illumination to explain the observed
surface brightness. High speed (>300 km/s) shocks into rare gas would provide
sufficiently high surface brightness. We discuss the possibility that the arcs
of Ly-alpha emission represent accretion shocks and the filamentary emission
represent gas flows into the halo, and compare our results with gas accretion
simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, A&A letters accepte
Galaxy protocluster candidates around z ~ 2.4 radio galaxies
We study the environments of 6 radio galaxies at 2.2 < z < 2.6 using
wide-field near-infrared images. We use colour cuts to identify galaxies in
this redshift range, and find that three of the radio galaxies are surrounded
by significant surface overdensities of such galaxies. The excess galaxies that
comprise these overdensities are strongly clustered, suggesting they are
physically associated. The colour distribution of the galaxies responsible for
the overdensity are consistent with those of galaxies that lie within a narrow
redshift range at z ~ 2.4. Thus the excess galaxies are consistent with being
companions of the radio galaxies. The overdensities have estimated masses in
excess of 10^14 solar masses, and are dense enough to collapse into virizalised
structures by the present day: these structures may evolve into groups or
clusters of galaxies. A flux-limited sample of protocluster galaxies with K <
20.6 mag is derived by statistically subtracting the fore- and background
galaxies. The colour distribution of the protocluster galaxies is bimodal,
consisting of a dominant blue sequence, comprising 77 +/- 10% of the galaxies,
and a poorly populated red sequence. The blue protocluster galaxies have
similar colours to local star-forming irregular galaxies (U -V ~ 0.6),
suggesting most protocluster galaxies are still forming stars at the observed
epoch. The blue colours and lack of a dominant protocluster red sequence
implies that these cluster galaxies form the bulk of their stars at z < 3.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
Dependence of geosynchrotron radio emission on the energy and depth of maximum of cosmic ray showers
Based on CORSIKA and REAS2 simulations, we investigate the dependence of
geosynchrotron radio emission from extensive air showers on the energy of the
primary cosmic ray and the depth of the shower maximum. It is found that at a
characteristic lateral distance, the amplitude of the bandpass-filtered radio
signal is directly proportional to the energy deposited in the atmosphere by
the electromagnetic cascade, with an RMS uncertainty due to shower-to-shower
fluctuations of less than 3%. In addition, the ratio of this radio amplitude
and that at a larger lateral distance is directly related to the atmospheric
depth of the shower maximum, with an RMS uncertainty of ~15-20 g cm-2. By
measuring these quantities, geosynchrotron radio emission from cosmic ray air
showers can be used to infer the energy of the primary particle and the depth
of the air shower maximum on a shower-to-shower basis.Comment: version accepted by Astroparticle Physics; slightly changed title and
wording; one additional figur
The Inactivation of a New Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Pmp23 Leads to Abnormal Septum Formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae
The bacterial peptidoglycan is the major component of the cell wall which integrity is essential to cell survival. In a previous work, we identified, in the positive-Gram pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae , a unique protein containing a new putative peptidoglycan hydrolytic domain named PECACE (PEptidoglycan CArbohydrate Cleavage Enzyme). In this study, we characterise the physiological function of this protein called Pmp23 (Pneumococcal Membrane Protein of 23 kDa). A cell wall hydrolytic activity is observed with the recombinant protein. Inactivation of the pmp23 gene in the pneumococcus led to a decreased flocculation, an increased sensitivity to ÎČ-lactam antibiotics and morphological alterations affecting the formation and localisation of the division septa. Taken together these observations indicate that Pmp23 is a hydrolase whose function is linked to peptidoglycan metabolism at the septum site
Near-IR bright galaxies at z~2. Entering the spheroid formation epoch ?
Spectroscopic redshifts have been measured for 9 K-band luminous galaxies at
1.7 < z < 2.3, selected with Ks < 20 in the "K20 survey" region of the Great
Observatories Origins Deep Survey area. Star formation rates (SFRs) of ~100-500
Msun/yr are derived when dust extinction is taken into account. The fitting of
their multi-color spectral energy distributions indicates stellar masses M ~
10^11 Msun for most of the galaxies. Their rest-frame UV morphology is highly
irregular, suggesting that merging-driven starbursts are going on in these
galaxies. Morphologies tend to be more compact in the near-IR, a hint for the
possible presence of older stellar populations. Such galaxies are strongly
clustered, with 7 out of 9 belonging to redshift spikes, which indicates a
correlation length r_0 ~ 9-17 h^-1 Mpc (1 sigma range). Current semianalytical
models of galaxy formation appear to underpredict by a large factor (about 30)
the number density of such a population of massive and powerful starburst
galaxies at z ~ 2. The high masses and SFRs together with the strong clustering
suggest that at z ~ 2 we may have started to explore the major formation epoch
of massive early-type galaxies.Comment: accepted on June 17. To appear on ApJ Letter
The First Appearance of the Red Sequence of Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at 2<~z<~3
We explore the evolved galaxy population in the proto-clusters around four
high-z radio galaxies at 2<~z<~3 based on wide-field near-infrared imaging.
Three of the four fields are known proto-clusters as demonstrated by
overdensities of line emitting galaxies at the same redshifts as the radio
galaxies. We imaged the fields of three targets (PKS1138-262, USS0943-242 and
MRC0316-257) to a depth of Ks~22 (5sigma) over a 4'x7' area centered on the
radio galaxies with a new wide-field NIR camera, MOIRCS, on the Subaru
Telescope. Another target (USS1558-003) was observed with SOFI on the NTT to a
depth of Ks=20.5 over a 5'x5' area. We apply colour cuts in J-Ks and/or JHKs in
order to exclusively search for galaxies located at high redshifts: z>2. To the
5sigma limiting magnitudes, we see a significant excess of NIR selected
galaxies by a factor of two to three compared to those found in the field of
GOODS-South. The spatial distribution of these NIR selected galaxies is not
uniform and traces structures similar to those of emission line galaxies,
although the samples of NIR selected galaxies and emitters show little overlap.
We focus on the NIR colour-magnitude sequence of the evolved population and
find that the bright-end (M_{stars}>10^{11}Msun) of the red sequence is well
populated by z~2 but much less so in the z~3 proto-clusters. This may imply
that the bright-end of the colour-magnitude sequence first appeared between z=3
and 2, an era coinciding with the appearance of submm galaxies and the peak of
the cosmic star formation rate. Our observations show that during the same
epoch, massive galaxies are forming in high density environments by vigorous
star formation and assembly.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 10 pages, 16 postscript figures,
uses mn2e.cl
Strong [CII] emission at high redshift
We report the detection of the [CII]157.74um fine-structure line in the
lensed galaxy BRI 0952-0115 at z=4.43, using the APEX telescope. This is the
first detection of the [CII] line in a source with L_FIR < 10^13 L_sun at high
redshift. The line is very strong compared to previous [CII] detections at
high-z (a factor of 5-8 higher in flux), partly due to the lensing
amplification. The L_[CII]/L_FIR ratio is 10^-2.9, which is higher than
observed in local galaxies with similar infrared luminosities. Together with
previous observations of [CII] at high redshift, our result suggests that the
[CII] emission in high redshift galaxies is enhanced relative to local galaxies
of the same infrared luminosity. This finding may result from selection effects
of the few current observations of [CII] at high redshift, and in particular
the fact that non detections may have not been published (although the few
published upper limits are still consistent with the [CII] enhancement
scenario). If the trend is confirmed with larger samples, it would indicate
that high-z galaxies are characterized by different physical conditions with
respect to their local counterparts. Regardless of the physical origin of the
trend, this effect would increase the potential of the [CII]158um line to
search and characterize high-z sources.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters, 5 pages, 2 figure
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