Etablering av diplomatiske forbindelser mellom Polen og Norge i årene 1919-1923

The paper portrays the process of establishment and, later, development of diplomatic relations between the reborn state of Poland and Norway. The issue of their regulation was discussed by the representatives of both countries at numerous meetings during the peace treaty conference of Paris. As a result of those negotiations, in 1919 Poland opened its mission in Christiania with Czeslaw Pruszyński, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, at the helm. The mission of The Kingdom of Norway, established in 1920 in Warsaw, was headed by minister Samuel Eyde. Together with the resumption of diplomatic activity, both governments started work on extension of the network of consular services, which is also presented in the paper

Between Death and Divinity. Rethinking the Significance of Triadic Groups in Ancient Maya Culture

The meaning of Triadic Groups in ancient Maya culture can be tied to a specific mythological concept known as Flowery Mountain. Variety of cultural components, from iconography to epigraphy to built environment, point towards the Maize God as a protagonist of the religious performance ascribed to the Triadic Group, with his lifecycle being an alegory of agricultural stages of maize

Poland and Broader Middle East-Relations, Initiatives and Prospects for Action

"Poland’s relations with the BMENA region have evolved over the last decade or so: they were relatively intensive before 1989, which was followed by a break caused by refocusing the state’s efforts on political and economic transformation and pursuit of its intemational aspirations, whereas sińce late 1990s there has been a growing interest in co-operation with BMENA countries."(...

The Concepts of Sustainable Organisation, Sustainable Human Capital Management and Organisational Resilience as Guidelines for Modernisation of Healthcare Units in Poland

A multitude of attempts to reform the Polish healthcare system cannot be treated as fully successful. Therefore, there is a need to determine new possible methods that can solve financial, social, and environmental problems burdening the system. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present necessary steps that have to be taken in order to conduct a successful reform. Moreover, the article presents an overview of the current state of the theory of sustainable organisation, sustainable human capital management and resilience. Proper implementation of the key elements of the above-mentioned theories may turn out helpful in the process of modernisation of human capital management in the Polish healthcare system

The Great War and Polish Memory. Architectural Forms of Commemoration and the Myth of a New State

1918 was a seminal year in the history of 20th-century Poland – the country which, together with other Central and Eastern European states, gained independence as the Great War drew to an end. At the same time, the Great War does not appear to occupy a special and privileged place in Polish cultural memory. As a matter of fact, overshadowed by the trauma of World War II it is anything but an important site of memory. In the field of visual arts and literature the period 1914-1918 did not bring works which would be either formally ‘modern’ or would account for the tragedy of the war. It might well be stated that the eruption of modern means of expressions which were used by artists and writers to narrate the experience of the Great War – the phenomenon that can be observed in art and literature of many post-World War I European states – did not leave any substantial traces in Polish culture. On the contrary, if the Great War was represented in Polish art, it was done so in a highly traditional and academic fashion. What one may find surprising is not only a special conservatism of formal means applied to textual and visual narratives about World War I. What also calls one’s attention to is the semantic operation conducted in Polish post-World War I culture: the substitution of the Great War memory with the memory of 1914-1920. This extension of the conflict by two more years made it possible for the new Polish state to divert the social attention and concern from World War I to the on-going fights for Poland’s eastern border. It was the latter that became a climax – not only in Polish public discourse but also in war art and literature. While the rest of Europe was, at that time, erecting the tombs of the unknown soldiers that died in the Great War, Poland was erecting the tomb of the unknown soldier that died in the Polish-Ukrainian war. The present article wishes to investigate some selected works of literature, art and architecture from the period 1916-1926 so as to illustrate the above-mentioned processes of the use and abuse of the meaning and memory of the Great War – all in order to create a new culture of memory for a new state. 1918 was a seminal year in the history of 20th-century Poland – the country which, together with other Central and Eastern European states, gained independence as the Great War drew to an end. At the same time, the Great War does not appear to occupy a special and privileged place in Polish cultural memory. As a matter of fact, overshadowed by the trauma of World War II it is anything but an important site of memory. In the field of visual arts and literature the period 1914-1918 did not bring works which would be either formally ‘modern’ or would account for the tragedy of the war. It might well be stated that the eruption of modern means of expressions which were used by artists and writers to narrate the experience of the Great War – the phenomenon that can be observed in art and literature of many post-World War I European states – did not leave any substantial traces in Polish culture. On the contrary, if the Great War was represented in Polish art, it was done so in a highly traditional and academic fashion. What one may find surprising is not only a special conservatism of formal means applied to textual and visual narratives about World War I. What also calls one’s attention to is the semantic operation conducted in Polish post-World War I culture: the substitution of the Great War memory with the memory of 1914-1920. This extension of the conflict by two more years made it possible for the new Polish state to divert the social attention and concern from World War I to the on-going fights for Poland’s eastern border. It was the latter that became a climax – not only in Polish public discourse but also in war art and literature. While the rest of Europe was, at that time, erecting the tombs of the unknown soldiers that died in the Great War, Poland was erecting the tomb of the unknown soldier that died in the Polish-Ukrainian war. The present article wishes to investigate some selected works of literature, art and architecture from the period 1916-1926 so as to illustrate the above-mentioned processes of the use and abuse of the meaning and memory of the Great War – all in order to create a new culture of memory for a new state.

Ukraińska tożsamość narodowa – wciąż trudna niepodległość

In this work, the authors discuss the forming process of Ukrainian national identity from the 8th century to recent times, based on preserved histographic sources. Particular attention is focused on portraying territorial and cultural identity on the basis of historical relativism. The study also highlights the phenomena of mythologising Ukrainian history and the formation of the Ukrainian national movement using historical sources from cultural assets, in particular Ukrainian literature. The work presents relative historical facts, which the authors at the end subjectively evaluate from the point of view of the brotherly Polish nation and Polish-Ukrainian relations throughout the centuries.W pracy tej autorzy omówili proces kształtowania się ukraińskiej tożsamości narodowej od VIII w. do czasów najnowszych, na podstawie zachowanych źródeł histograficznych. Szczególną uwagę skupiono na ukazaniu tożsamości terytorialnej oraz kulturowej na podstawie relatywizmu historycznego. Praca także ukazuje zjawiska mitologizowania historii Ukrainy i kształtowanie ukraińskiego ruchu narodowego na podstawie źródeł historycznych pochodzących z dóbr kultury w szczególności literatura ukraińska. W pracy przedstawiono relatywne fakty historyczne, które autorzy na końcu poddają subiektywnej ocenie z punktu widzenia bratniego narodu Polskiego i relacji Polsko-Ukraińskich na przestrzeni wieków