Best Practices in Real Estate Cross-border Transactions

The article presents reflections on the best practices in real estate cross border transactions.Transactions on real estate markets have several aspects that make them highly complex, mostly due to their individual nature – each property is unique in terms of its location, structure and history. Cross-border transactions on the real estate market are becoming increasingly popular as the world becomes more globalized. The growing volume of this type of transaction presents a challenge for the modern real estate lawyer. It is impossible to create an exhaustive guide setting out all the hazards occurring in such transactions. This article addresses this difficult challenge by indicating the most important of them.It is essential and extremely helpful to enter into cooperation with a local counsel who will help us to explain the local specificity and who will take the legal differences into account. In addition, other helpful tools, such as a legal due diligence report or a title insurance Policy, should be carefully considered. One cannot forget about the importance of the local culture and customs, which may prove decisive at the crucial moment of the transaction. Finally, to be effective in working with cross-border clients, lawyers must have a good understanding of how people think and make decisions, and must possess good people skills. Respect for local customs and traditions, as well as understanding the local legal system while securing clients’ interests, is the key to a successful transaction

The Legal Definition of Railway Areas in Poland. The Limitations of Investment and Conducting Business Activity on the Railway Areas

The paper analyses the legal definition of railway areas in Poland based on the Railway Transport Act. The author tries to find an answer to the question of what the legal status of railway areas in the Polish legal system is, with emphasis on the classification of railway areas to the wider group of special areas. Moreover, the paper describes the restrictions on investments on railway areas which are presented based on the previous judicature of the Polish administrative courts. Then other detailed obligations resulting from the special legal regime in this area are explained

Peter N. Salib, The Law of Banksy: Who Owns Street Art? (Prawo Banksy’ego: Kto jest właścicielem street artu?), „University of Chicago Law Review” 2016, vol. 83, no. 4, p. 2293–2328

Peter N. Salib, The Law of Banksy: Who Owns Street Art?, „University of Chicago Law Review” 2016, vol. 83, no. 4 (by Piotr Szulc

Potential invalidity of the decision of a public administrative body as a result of the conviction of a person performing a function

The article presents the reflections on the potential invalidity of an administrative decision of a public administrative body as a result of the conviction of a person performing a function for an offence under Polish law. Firstly, the author analyses the legal situation of a person convicted for an offence under the Election Code (Kodeks wyborczy), the Act on Self-Government Employees (Ustawa o pracownikach samorządowych) and the Labour Code (Kodeks pracy). He examines in detail the discrepancies between the three legislative acts which may influence the legal position of a convicted person. The conclusion is that a person with the final and valid judgment for intentional offence prosecuted by public indictment to a fine or to penalty of imprisonment retains a passive electoral right in the elections for the mayor, however it seems that under the Act on Self-Government Employees it will not be possible to establish an employment relationship with such a person to work in the capacity of a self-government employee based on election. Secondly, the author analyses the potential invalidity of administrative decisions issued by a person convicted for an offence. The two conditions that could be taken into account as grounds for declaring the invalidity of an administrative decision in the context of the conviction are: a lack of jurisdiction of the authority as a condition of declaring the invalidity of a decision and a gross breach of law as a condition of declaring invalidity of a decision. The analysis of the selected conditions leads to a conclusion that there are no grounds for declaring the invalidity of a decision, as the regulations on jurisdiction will not be breached and the decision will not be issued in gross breach of law. Therefore, even if one were to consider that under the Act on Self-Government Employees a given person cannot be a self-government em­ployee, it seems that this does not prevent the issuance of administrative decisions

Response of nitrogen nutritional indices of maize leaves to different mineral-organic fertilization

Maize crop growth rate during the course of vegetation is strongly dependent on nitrogen supply. The most critical stages of maize response to this nutrient are exhibited both in very early growth stages, as related to the stage from five (six) to eight leaves, and in the period from tasselling to the blister stage. Among many indicators of plant nitrogen nutritional status, the most promising include nitrate reductase and acid invertase activity, since the enzymes significantly affect the growth of new tissues. Two series of field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effect of six fertilization treatments, differing in the prevailing source of nitrogen (from pure mineral to classical organic), on nitrate concentration, nitrate reductase and acid invertase activity and finally on the assimilation area of a single maize plant or the ear leaf. A significant effect of each fertilization treatment on all the examined maize plant characteristics was observed, but it was mostly seasonally variable. Nitrate reductase was linearly affected by the nitrate concentration in maize leaves. Both evaluated indices of acid invertase showed a curvilinear effect on the maize plant morphological characteristics. Therefore it can be concluded that excessive acid invertase activity may inhibit the growth rate of the maize assimilation area in the flowering stage

Correlation between metallothionein (MT) expression and selected prognostic factors in ductal breast cancers.

Our study aimed at examining significance of metallothionein (MT) expression in ductal breast cancers by determination of a relationship between expression of MT protein (MT-1/2) and selected prognostic factors, including grade of histological differentiation (G), expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen, expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) and expression of HER-2 receptor. Material for the studies involved 54 samples of invasive ductal breast cancer, manifesting malignancy grades of G1-G3. In paraffin sections of examined tumours immunohistochemical reactions were performed using specific antibodies directed to MT, Ki-67, ER, PgR or HER-2. Intensity of MT-specific immunohistochemical reactions was measured using the semiquantitative IRS scale of Remmele. Intensity of colour reactions targeted at Ki-67, ER, PgR was evaluated scoring proportions of positive cells, while HER-2-specific reactions were evaluated in the scale of 0-3 points. The lowest level of MT expression was detected in breast cancer cases of G1 malignancy grade (G1 vs G3 p=0.020). A positive correlation between MT and Ki-67 antigen expression (r=0.32, p=0.019) was disclosed. Moreover, MT expression exhibited negative correlations with expression of ER (r=-0.35, p=0.008) and PgR (r=-0.27, p=0.046). No relationships could be detected between expression of MT and expression of HER-2 (r=0.12, p=0.37). The obtained results suggest that MT expression might be helpful in prognostic evaluation of ductal breast cancers