Multiple elements controlling the expression of wheat high molecular weight glutenin paralogs

Analysis of gene expression data generated by high-throughput microarray transcript profiling experiments coupled with cis-regulatory elements enrichment study and cluster analysis can be used to define modular gene programs and regulatory networks. Unfortunately, the high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat (Triticum aestivum) are more similar than microarray data alone would allow to distinguish between the three homoeologous gene pairs. However, combining complementary DNA (cDNA) expression libraries with microarray data, a co-expressional network was built that highlighted the hidden differences between these highly similar genes. Duplex clusters of cis-regulatory elements were used to focus the co-expressional network of transcription factors to the putative regulatory network of Glu-1 genes. The focused network helped to identify several transcriptional gene programs in the endosperm. Many of these programs demonstrated a conserved temporal pattern across the studied genotypes; however, few others showed variance. Based on this network, transient gene expression assays were performed with mutated promoters to inspect the control of tissue specificity. Results indicated that the interactions of the ABRE│CBF cluster with distal promoter regions may have a dual role in regulation by both recruiting the transcription complex as well as suppressing it in non-endosperm tissue. A putative model of regulation is discussed. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Tőkealapok és vállalkozó egyetemek a lokális innovációs térben. Lengyel és magyar egyetemek friss tapasztalatai = Venture Capitals and Entrepreneurial Universities in the Local Innovation Space. Recent Experiences from Polish and Hungarian Universities

A kockázatitőke-alapok Kelet-Közép-Európában is megfigyelhető rohamos térnyerése jelentős hatással van az innovációs folyamatokra és ökoszisztémákra. Ezzel párhuzamosan a nagyrégióban zajlik a vállalkozó egyetemi modellt előtérbe helyező felsőoktatási átalakulás. A vállalkozó egyetemek és kockázatitőke-alapok a campusokon és a lokális startup-ökoszisztémákban formálják az innováció térbeli megjelenését. A lengyel és magyar egyetem tapasztalatain alapuló összehasonlító elemzés célja kettős. Az egyik cél az oktatási profil hatásainak vizsgálata a vállalkozói egyetemmé válás folyamatára és lépéseire, a másik pedig az egyetemek és kockázatitőke-alapok viszonyának elemzése az egyetemi profil tükrében

bZIP transcription factors repress the expression of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) high molecular weight glutenin subunit genes in vegetative tissues

High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW GS) represent an important fraction of endosperm-specific seed-storage proteins that provide elasticity to bread dough. Previously, the second cis-regulatory module (CRM2) was found to be one of the most conserved part of HMW GS promoters, which indicated its pre-eminent role in their gene regulation. Here, we observed that deletion of CRM2 from the promoters of the Bx7 and By8 HMW GS genes increased the leakage of their transient expression in wheat leaf tissue. The effect of a VP1, an Myb and an antisense bZIP transcription factor (TF)-binding site, potentially involved in endosperm-specific regulation within CRM2, was then studied. The activity of a Bx7 gene promoter containing a mutant CRM2 with altered VP1 and Myb TF-binding sites, but an intact bZIP TF-binding site, was similarly low to that of the wild type in leaves. Transactivation analysis and EMSA indicated the binding of TFs TabZIP34 and TabZIP115 to the Skn-1 motif GTCAT in CRM2 and the repression of Bx7 and By8 HMW GS gene promoter activity in leaves. TabZIP34 and TabZIP115 may be involved in the downregulation of HMW GS gene expression in vegetative tissues and early-stage endosperm as well its modulation during seed maturation

Role of Conserved Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in LMW Glutenin Gene Expression

Transcriptional regulation of LMW glutenin genes were investigated in-silico, using publicly available gene sequences and expression data. Genes were grouped into different LMW glutenin types and their promoter profiles were determined using cis-acting regulatory elements databases and published results. The various cis-acting elements belong to some conserved non-coding regulatory regions (CREs) and might act in two different ways. There are elements, such as GCN4 motifs found in the long endosperm box that could serve as key factors in tissue-specific expression. Some other elements, such as the AACA/TA motifs or the individual prolamin box variants, might modulate the level of expression. Based on the promoter sequences and expression characteristic LMW glutenin genes might be transcribed following two different mechanisms. Most of the s- and i-type genes show a continuously increasing expression pattern. The m-type genes, however, demonstrate normal distribution in their expression profiles. Differences observed in their expression could be related to the differences found in their promoter sequences. Polymorphisms in the number and combination of cis-acting elements in their promoter regions can be of crucial importance in the diverse levels of production of single LMW glutenin gene types

Launch of the national protein program and its impact on the domestic feed base

A diplomadolgozat keretében a hazai fehérjetakarmány kialakítására vonatkozó nemzeti program szükségességével, jelentőségével és annak előre haladásával kívánok foglalkozni. Dolgozatomban az alábbi kérdésekre adtam választ: • Miért van szükség a Nemzeti Fehérje Programra? • Milyen feladatokat kell végrehajtani a Nemzeti Fehérje Program célkitűzéseinek megvalósítása érdekében? • Hogyan alakult a programnak a hatékonysága?MSc/MAGazdasági agrármérnök mesterszakK

Direct Access to Unprotected Primary Amines via Iron Catalysis

Nitrogen-containing molecules, particularly amines, play crucial roles within the molecular sciences. Despite their significance throughout the scientific community, the synthesis of these target molecules is often hampered by the challenging installation of the amino group. The majority of synthetic strategies consisted of the use of pre-functionalised building blocks and tedious protecting-group manipulations. To increase synthetic simplicity and versatility, the use of abundant feedstock chemicals such as unsaturated hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds, and the installation of unprotected amino groups are highly desired. Moreover, the development of difunctionalisation reactions that install a useful functional group in the proximity of the amine would accelerate the transformation of simple building blocks into densely functionalised molecules, thus reducing synthetic steps and resources. Within this thesis, these concepts were followed and resulted in the discovery of novel amination reactions using benign iron-catalysts. First, an aminoazidation reaction was established which functioned as an unsymmetrical diamination strategy to access unprotected 2-azidoamines from alkenes in a single step. Applying this methodology, a broad range of aliphatic alkenes and vinyl arenes were successfully converted with excellent regio- and chemoselectivity. Moreover, this reaction displayed immense functional group tolerance allowing for the specific transformation of highly complex alkenyl substrates, including a tripeptide. Simultaneously, it demonstrated high tolerance towards air and moisture and good scalability, making it a practical synthetic tool. Owing to the unprotected nature of the primary amino group, these synthesised azidoamines are ideally masked, unsymmetrical vicinal diamines which allowed for sequential functionalisation of both amino groups. This behaviour could be harnessed in the (formal) synthesis of three different bioactive compounds. Mechanistically, the stereoconvergent transformation of internal alkenes, as well as radical clock experiments and the results of a Hammett-plot support a radical pathway. Furthermore, the same hydroxylamine-derived reagent was employed in an iron catalysed aminooxygenation reaction of thiols to afford unprotected, primary sulfinamides. A dual role was played by the reagent as it acted both as aminating reagent and oxidant in this transformation. This enabled the facile conversion of several aliphatic and aromatic thiols, resulting in a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Further investigations led to a proposed mechanism which featured an uncommon sulfinimidate-ester. This intermediate would result from a reaction with methanol, thus identifying the solvent as the source for the incorporated oxyge

Mitochondrial genomes of 55 species.

<p>Mitochondrial genomes of 55 species. (A) Genome length and number of encoded proteins and structural RNA and coding area data,, (B) and the variances of all these measures. Big insert shows the 150 Mbps circles magnified. Smaller insert shows metazoan mitochondria lengths with the same scale as big insert in order to compare. (To render metazoan data all 2541 sequence were used.)</p> <p>(Figure related to the published article journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0120527.)</p