Cardiac hypertrophy is inhibited by a local pool of cAMP regulated by phosphodiesterase 2

Rationale: Chronic elevation of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels has been associated with cardiac remodelling and cardiac hypertrophy. However, enhancement of particular aspects of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signalling appears to be beneficial for the failing heart. cAMP is a pleiotropic second messenger with the ability to generate multiple functional outcomes in response to different extracellular stimuli with strict fidelity, a feature that relies on the spatial segregation of the cAMP pathway components in signalling microdomains. Objective: How individual cAMP microdomains impact on cardiac pathophysiology remains largely to be established. The cAMP-degrading enzymes phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a key role in shaping local changes in cAMP. Here we investigated the effect of specific inhibition of selected PDEs on cardiac myocyte hypertrophic growth. Methods and Results: Using pharmacological and genetic manipulation of PDE activity we found that the rise in cAMP resulting from inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 induces hypertrophy whereas increasing cAMP levels via PDE2 inhibition is anti-hypertrophic. By real-time imaging of cAMP levels in intact myocytes and selective displacement of PKA isoforms we demonstrate that the anti-hypertrophic effect of PDE2 inhibition involves the generation of a local pool of cAMP and activation of a PKA type II subset leading to phosphorylation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Conclusions: Different cAMP pools have opposing effects on cardiac myocyte cell size. PDE2 emerges as a novel key regulator of cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo and its inhibition may have therapeutic applications

Dialogues entre les voies de signalisation de l'AMPc et celles de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression de l'IL-6 et rôle de l'IL-6 dans les thyrocytes et dans les cardiomyocytes.

The interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine associated with auto-immune thyroid diseases and could be also involved in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In FRTL-5 thyroid cells and in adult rat cardiomyocytes, we show that both IL-6 secretion and mRNA expression, stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1), are enhanced by cAMP/PKA pathway in a synergistic manner. In FRTL-5 cells, this synergistic effect occurs also at a post-transcriptional level by increasing IL-6 promoter activation. This synergic effect involves AP-1 and CRE binding sites of IL-6 promoter and also c-Fos and Fra2 transcription factors. IL-6 and its membrane-bound receptor stimulate STAT3 and ERK-5 signaling pathways in FRTL-5 cells. In cardiomyocytes, STAT3 is activated by IL-6 only in the presence of its soluble receptor. We show that this mechanism conduces to increase protein synthesis and expression of markers associated to the pathological hypertrophy.L'interleukine-6 (IL-6) est une cytokine associée aux maladies auto-immunes de la glande thyroïde et qui pourrait aussi avoir un rôle dans le développement de l'hypertrophie cardiaque pathologique. Dans les cellules thyroïdiennes FRTL-5 et dans les cardiomyocytes de rats adultes, nous montrons que la sécrétion et l'expression de l'ARNm de l'IL-6, stimulées par l'interleukine-1 (IL-1), sont augmentées de manière synergique par la voie de l'AMPc/PKA. Dans les cellules FRTL-5, cet effet synergique s'exerce aussi au niveau de l'activation du promoteur de l'IL-6 et implique les sites AP-1 et CRE ainsi que les facteurs de transcription c-Fos et Fra2. L'IL-6 et son récepteur membranaire stimulent les voies de signalisation impliquant STAT3 et ERK-5 dans les cellules FRTL-5. Dans les cardiomyocytes, STAT3 est activé par l'IL-6 uniquement en présence de son récepteur soluble. Nous montrons que ce mécanisme de conduit à la stimulation de marqueurs associés au processus hypertrophique pathologique

Dialogues entre les voies de signalisation de l'AMPc et celles de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression de l'IL-6 et rôle de l'IL-6 dans les thyrocytes et dans les cardiomyocytes.

The interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine associated with auto-immune thyroid diseases and could be also involved in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In FRTL-5 thyroid cells and in adult rat cardiomyocytes, we show that both IL-6 secretion and mRNA expression, stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1), are enhanced by cAMP/PKA pathway in a synergistic manner. In FRTL-5 cells, this synergistic effect occurs also at a post-transcriptional level by increasing IL-6 promoter activation. This synergic effect involves AP-1 and CRE binding sites of IL-6 promoter and also c-Fos and Fra2 transcription factors. IL-6 and its membrane-bound receptor stimulate STAT3 and ERK-5 signaling pathways in FRTL-5 cells. In cardiomyocytes, STAT3 is activated by IL-6 only in the presence of its soluble receptor. We show that this mechanism conduces to increase protein synthesis and expression of markers associated to the pathological hypertrophy.L'interleukine-6 (IL-6) est une cytokine associée aux maladies auto-immunes de la glande thyroïde et qui pourrait aussi avoir un rôle dans le développement de l'hypertrophie cardiaque pathologique. Dans les cellules thyroïdiennes FRTL-5 et dans les cardiomyocytes de rats adultes, nous montrons que la sécrétion et l'expression de l'ARNm de l'IL-6, stimulées par l'interleukine-1 (IL-1), sont augmentées de manière synergique par la voie de l'AMPc/PKA. Dans les cellules FRTL-5, cet effet synergique s'exerce aussi au niveau de l'activation du promoteur de l'IL-6 et implique les sites AP-1 et CRE ainsi que les facteurs de transcription c-Fos et Fra2. L'IL-6 et son récepteur membranaire stimulent les voies de signalisation impliquant STAT3 et ERK-5 dans les cellules FRTL-5. Dans les cardiomyocytes, STAT3 est activé par l'IL-6 uniquement en présence de son récepteur soluble. Nous montrons que ce mécanisme de conduit à la stimulation de marqueurs associés au processus hypertrophique pathologique

Dialogues entre les voies de signalisation de l'AMPc et celles de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression de l'IL-6 et rôle de l'IL-6 dans les thyrocytes et dans les cardiomyocytes de rat

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Omniligase-1-mediated ligation for insulin analog synthesis in solu-tion and on phage surface

The B-chain C-terminal region of insulin has been mutated or modified to achieve improved therapeutic efficacies. For ex-ample, all FDA-approved insulin analogs have altered C-terminal segments, which leads to improved pharmacokinetic prop-erties and provide significant clinical benefits on blood sugar regulation. Nonetheless, there is still no efficient method to synthesize insulin analogs with the altered C-terminal region. Herein, we report a facile synthesis using omniligase-1 to li-gate an insulin core with a peptide segment in high conversion. We further apply this ligation to M13 phage surface modifi-cations and demonstrate that the phage displayed insulin molecules can bind to insulin receptor ectodomain in an insulin-dependent manner. These results pave the way for building phage display insulin library for therapeutic selections and demonstrate the feasibility of using omniligase-1 to display other disulfide-rich peptides and proteins on phage

Regulation of SERCA2 activity by PDE3A in human myocardium: Phosphorylation-dependent interaction of PDE3A1 with SERCA2.

PDE3 regulates cAMP-mediated signaling in the heart, and PDE3 inhibitors augment contractility in patients with heart failure. Studies in mice showed that PDE3A, not PDE3B, is the subfamily responsible for these inotropic effects, and that murine PDE3A1 associates with SERCA2, PLB and AKAP18 in a multi-protein signalosome in human SR. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PDE3A co-localizes in Z-bands of human cardiac myocytes with desmin, SERCA2, PLB and AKAP18. In human SR fractions, cAMP increased PLB phosphorylation and SERCA2 activity; this was potentiated by PDE3 inhibition but not by PDE4 inhibition. During gel-filtration chromatography of solubilized SR membranes, PDE3 activity was recovered in distinct HMW and LMW peaks. HMW peaks contained PDE3A1 and PDE3A2, while LMW peaks contained PDE3A1, PDE3A2 and PDE3A3. Western blotting showed that endogenous HMW PDE3A1 was the principal PKA-phosphorylated isoform. Phosphorylation of endogenous PDE3A by rPKAc increased cAMP-hydrolytic activity, correlated with shift of PDE3A from LMW to HMW peaks, and increased co-immumoprecipitation of SERCA2, cav3, PKARII, PP2A and AKAP18 with PDE3A. In experiments with recombinant proteins, phosphorylation of rhPDE3A isoforms by rPKAc increased co-immumoprecipitation with rSERCA2 and rAKAP18. Deletion of the rhPDE3A1/PDE3A2 N-terminus blocked interactions with rSERCA2. Serine-to-alanine substitutions identified S292/S293, a site unique to hPDE3A1, as the principal site regulating its interaction with SERCA2. These results indicate that phosphorylation of hPDE3A1 at a PKA site in its unique N-terminal extension promotes its incorporation into SERCA2/AKAP18 signalosomes, where it regulates a discrete cAMP pool that controls contractility by modulating phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions, PLB phosphorylation and SERCA2 activity

Omniligase-1-Mediated Phage-Peptide Library Modification and Insulin Engineering

Chemical and enzymatic modifications of peptide-displayed libraries have been successfully employed to expand the phage display library. However, the requirement of specific epitopes and scaffolds has limited the scope of protein engineering using phage display. In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing omniligase-1-mediated selective and specific ligation on the phage pIII protein, offering a high conversion rate and compatibility with commercially available phage libraries. We applied this method to perform high-throughput engineering of insulin analogues with randomized B chain C-terminal regions. Insulin analogues with different B chain C-terminal segments were selected and exhibited biological activity equivalent to that of human insulin. Molecular dynamics studies of insulin analogues revealed a novel interaction between the insulin B27 residue and insulin receptor L1 domain. In summary, our findings highlight the potential of omniligase-1-mediated phage display in the development and screening of disulfide-rich peptides and proteins. This approach holds promise for the creation of novel insulin analogues with enhanced therapeutic properties and exhibits potential for the development of other therapeutic compounds

Selective regulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE3A isoforms

Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) PDE3A have inotropic actions in human myocardium, but their long-term use increases mortality in patients with heart failure. Two isoforms in cardiac myocytes, PDE3A1 and PDE3A2, have identical amino acid sequences except for a unique N-terminal extension in PDE3A1. We expressed FLAG-tagged PDE3A1 and PDE3A2 in HEK293 cells and examined their regulation by PKA- and PKC-mediated phosphorylation. PDE3A1, which is localized to intracellular membranes, and PDE3A2, which is cytosolic, were phosphorylated at different sites within their common sequence. Exposure to isoproterenol led to phosphorylation of PDE3A1 at the 14-3-3–binding site S312, whereas exposure to PMA led to phosphorylation of PDE3A2 at an alternative 14-3-3–binding site, S428. PDE3A2 activity was stimulated by phosphorylation at S428, whereas PDE3A1 activity was not affected by phosphorylation at either site. Phosphorylation of PDE3A1 by PKA and of PDE3A2 by PKC led to shifts in elution on gel-filtration chromatography consistent with increased interactions with other proteins, and 2D electrophoresis of coimmunoprecipitated proteins revealed that the two isoforms have distinct protein interactomes. A similar pattern of differential phosphorylation of endogenous PDE3A1 and PDE3A2 at S312 and S428 is observed in human myocardium. The selective phosphorylation of PDE3A1 and PDE3A2 at alternative sites through different signaling pathways, along with the different functional consequences of phosphorylation for each isoform, suggest they are likely to have distinct roles in cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling in human myocardium, and raise the possibility that isoform-selective inhibition may allow inotropic responses without an increase in mortality

Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Newborn Screening Laboratories

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is the most universal platform currently available for the analysis of enzymatic activities and biomarkers in dried blood spots (DBS) for applications in newborn screening (NBS). Among the MS/MS applications in NBS, the most common is flow-injection analysis (FIA-) MS/MS, where the sample is introduced as a bolus injection into the mass spectrometer without the prior fractionation of analytes. Liquid chromatography combined with MS/MS (LC-MS/MS) has been employed for second-tier tests to reduce the false-positive rate associated with several nonspecific screening markers, beginning two decades ago. More recently, LC-MS/MS has been applied to primary screening for new conditions for which FIA-MS/MS or other methods, including genomic screening, are not yet adequate. In addition to providing a list of the currently used LC-MS/MS-based assays for NBS, the authors share their experience regarding the maintenance requirements of LC-MS/MS vs. FIA-MS/MS systems. The consensus is that the maintenance of LC-MS/MS and FIA-MS/MS instrumentation is similar, and LC-MS/MS has the advantage of allowing for a larger number of diseases to be screened for in a multiplex, cost-effective fashion with a high throughput and an adequate turnaround time