Separation and identification of antibacterial chamomile components using OPLC, bioautography and GC-MS

Components of 50% ethanolic chamomile (Matricaria recutica L.) flower extract, previously found antibacterial in a TLC-bioautographic study, were separated and isolated by the use of on-line OPLC, which consisted of an OPLC 50 BS system, an on-line coupled flow-through UV detector, and a manual fraction collector. The collected peaks were investigated by GC-MS analysis and by TLC re-chromatography with subsequent visualization, performed after use of the vanillin-sulphuric acid reagent, or under UV illumination, or applying bioautographic detection. The main compounds of the collected 11 fractions were identified by GC-MS. The results showed that the antibacterial effect of 50% ethanolic extract of chamomile is ascribable to cis-, trans-spiroethers, and the coumarins like herniarin and umbelliferone

The use of cost-benefit analysis for environmental projects

In research, we analysed the way cost-benefit analyses (CBA) were carried out in governmental and selfgovernmental projects which were partly financed by the European Union. The primary aim was to establish how the way these CBAs are carried out can be improved in the case of these institutions. By taking account of the environmental endowments and social factors, it became obvious that the quantity and presence of externalities is usually more significant than in the case of the assessment of economic factors. The presence of quantified benefits in the development documents could make it much easier for the decision makers to decide whether the investment possesses suitable characteristics in an economical, environmental and social sense too, in the case of projects and development concepts, or not. Therefore, its realization will certainly modify the welfare curve in a positive direction. In spite of this it can be stated that the incorrect methodical approach of the economic factors result many extern effects in the evaluation, which place the certain development programmes in the centre of the preferred economic decisions in a way that they cause many social and environmental damages

In-situ Clean-up and OPLC Fractionation of Chamomile Flower Extract Searching Active Components by Bioautography

Bioassay-guided isolation of antibacterial components of chamomile flower methanol extract was performed by OPLC with on-line detection, fractionation combined with sample clean-up in-situ in the adsorbent bed after sample application. The antibacterial effect of the fractions and the separated compounds remained on the adsorbent layer (do not overrun during OPLC separation) was tested with direct bioautography (DB) against the bioluminescent Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. maculicola and Vibrio fischeri. The fractions with great biologically activity were analysed by SPME-GC-MS and LC-MS/MS and the two active uneluted compounds were characterized by OPLC-MS using interface. Mainly essential oil components, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and fatty acids were identified in the fractions

Analysis of VvMybA1 and VvMybA2 genes in grape bud sports

Berry skin colour is a fundamental qualitative trait of grape varieties, which has become largely diversified during the centuries of viticulture. Colour mutations in grape berry, resulting in black, red, pink, grey, green and yellow fruits, were relatively frequent events. In the Carpathian Basin there are several berry colour variant groups named conculta, members of which contain bud sports differing in skin colour. In most cases, this difference cannot be detected by microsatellite analysis, therefore we examined the variations of the VvMybA1 and VvMybA2 genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Based on the results of the allelic polymorphisms, we have discriminated the conculta members among the old Hungarian and several other foreign varieties. Based on our results, it was possible to find molecular differences in 10 out of 14 concultas

Clustering of Fermi particles with arbitrary spin

A single l-shell model is investigated for a system of fermions of spin s and an attractive s-wave, spin channel independent, interaction. The spectra and eigenvectors are determined exactly for different l, s values and particle numbers N. As a generalization of Cooper pairing it is shown that when N=mu(2s+1), mu=1,2,...,2l+1, the ground state consists of clusters of (2s+1) particles. The relevance of the results for more general situations including the homogeneous system is briefly discussed.Comment: Submitted for publication, 4 pages, 1 figur

Effect of capsaicin on voltage-gated currents of trigeminal neurones in cell culture and slice preparations

Effects of capsaicin on voltage-gated currents were examinedin vitro by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from small neurones of rat trigeminal ganglia either in slice preparations or in different cell cultures. Cells were classified as sensitive to capsaicin if they responded with inward current and/or conductance change to the agent in nanomolar concentration. Capsaicin (150 to 330 nM) in sensitive cells reduced the mixed inward current evoked by depolarizing step or ramp commands in all preparations. In cultured cells, the inward current was depressed to 32.78±26.42% (n = 27) of the control. Both the tetrodotoxin-sensitive and -resistant inward currents were affected. The data support the concept that capsaicin besides acting on VR-1 receptors inhibits also some voltage gated channels. In 34 cultured cells, capsaicin increased the slope conductance to 170.5±68%. Percentage of capsaicin sensitive cells observed in nerve growth factor-treated cultured cell populations was higher (77.8%) than in the two other preparations (14.3 or 38.8%). It is concluded that 1) depression of the voltage-gated currents may play an important role in the functional desensitization of the sensory receptors and in the analgesic effect induced by the agent and 2) cell body of sensory neurones under native condition seems less sensitive to capsaicin then that of cells cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor

Microsatellite fingerprinting of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties of the Carpathian Basin

Altogether 101 Vitis vinifera L. genotypes were analysed at 6 microsatellite loci (Scu8vv, Scu10vv, VVMD21, VVMD36, ssrVRZAG64, ssrVRZAG79). Ninety-seven were autochthonous accessions of the Carpathian Basin and 4 were international cultivars. The allele composition and sizes obtained with the 6 microsatellite primer pairs were appropriate for discrimination of 95 cultivars. Berry colour-variants of cvs Gohér (Gohér fehér-white and Gohér piros-red), Lisztes (Lisztes fehér and Lisztes piros) as well as the cvs Bakator (Bakator piros and Bakator tüdőszín - light red) were exceptions.

Digitalization against the shadow economy: evidence on the role of company size

Online cash registers (OCRs) are important tools for reducing the size of the shadow economy. This paper analyzes the impact on reported turnover and tax liability of introducing OCRs in Hungary using a fixed-effects panel and event study model. We identify strong size-related heterogeneity in the retail and the accommodation and food services sectors: smaller companies increased their reported turnover more than larger ones. Since large companies pay the dominant part of value-added tax, the effects on the payment of this tax were mitigated. We find significant spillover effects in both sectors, which are slightly stronger among larger companies

The use of cost-benefit analysis for environmental projects

In research, we analysed the way cost-benefit analyses (CBA) were carried out in governmental and selfgovernmental projects which were partly financed by the European Union. The primary aim was to establish how the way these CBAs are carried out can be improved in the case of these institutions. By taking account of the environmental endowments and social factors, it became obvious that the quantity and presence of externalities is usually more significant than in the case of the assessment of economic factors. The presence of quantified benefits in the development documents could make it much easier for the decision makers to decide whether the investment possesses suitable characteristics in an economical, environmental and social sense too, in the case of projects and development concepts, or not. Therefore, its realization will certainly modify the welfare curve in a positive direction. In spite of this it can be stated that the incorrect methodical approach of the economic factors result many extern effects in the evaluation, which place the certain development programmes in the centre of the preferred economic decisions in a way that they cause many social and environmental damages