Analysis of the three-dimensional anatomical variance of the distal radius using 3D shape models

BACKGROUND: Various medical fields rely on detailed anatomical knowledge of the distal radius. Current studies are limited to two-dimensional analysis and biased by varying measurement locations. The aims were to 1) generate 3D shape models of the distal radius and investigate variations in the 3D shape, 2) generate and assess morphometrics in standardized cut planes, and 3) test the model's classification accuracy. METHODS: The local radiographic database was screened for CT-scans of intact radii. 1) The data sets were segmented and 3D surface models generated. Statistical 3D shape models were computed (overall, gender and side separate) and the 3D shape variation assessed by evaluating the number of modes. 2) Anatomical landmarks were assigned and used to define three standardized cross-sectional cut planes perpendicular to the main axis. Cut planes were generated for the mean shape models and each individual radius. For each cut plane, the following morphometric parameters were calculated and compared: maximum width and depth, perimeter and area. 3) The overall shape model was utilized to evaluate the predictive value (leave one out cross validation) for gender and side identification within the study population. RESULTS: Eighty-six radii (45 left, 44% female, 40 +/- 18 years) were included. 1) Overall, side and gender specific statistical 3D models were successfully generated. The first mode explained 37% of the overall variance. Left radii had a higher shape variance (number of modes: 20 female / 23 male) compared to right radii (number of modes: 6 female / 6 male). 2) Standardized cut planes could be defined using anatomical landmarks. All morphometric parameters decreased from distal to proximal. Male radii were larger than female radii with no significant side difference. 3) The overall shape model had a combined median classification probability for side and gender of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical 3D shape models of the distal radius can be generated using clinical CT-data sets. These models can be used to assess overall bone variance, define and analyze standardized cut-planes, and identify the gender of an unknown sample. These data highlight the potential of shape models to assess the 3D anatomy and anatomical variance of human bones

Analisis Pasar Wisata Syariah Di Kota YOGYAKARTA

This article is the result of research that talks about how the development of the tourism market of sharia in the Yogyakarta City. Sharia travel is a new travel trend worldwide has excellent prospects for development and this concept into new ways to develop tourism in Yogyakarta to uphold the culture and values of Islam. This study seeks to segment the tourism market in the Yogyakarta City and tourist developments seen from indicators sharia destination product and service quality, as well as merumukan attributes that are required in the development of sharia travel and recommends the development of a marketing strategy of sharia in the Yogyakarta City. Descriptive method used to describe the facts about sharia travel market in the Yogyakarta City. The results show that tourists visiting Yogyakarta come from various parts of the archipelago, with demographic and psychographic diverse. Yogyakarta has a great potential to be developed as a tourist destination islamic views of destination product and service quality by adding the necessary attributes and by conducting massive marketing with promotional mix. Keywords: Travel Sharia, Product Specials, Quality of Service, the Yogyakarta Cit

Phylogenetically diverse endophytic bacteria from desert plants induce transcriptional changes of tissue-specific ion transporters and salinity stress in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>

Salinity severely hampers crop productivity worldwide and plant growth promoting bacteria could serve as a sustainable solution to improve plant growth under salt stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance promotion by beneficial bacteria remain unclear. In this work, six bacterial isolates from four different desert plant species were screened for their biochemical plant growth promoting traits and salinity stress tolerance promotion of the unknown host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Five of the isolates induced variable root phenotypes but could all increase plant shoot and root weight under salinity stress. Inoculation of Arabidopsis with five isolates under salinity stress resulted in tissue-specific transcriptional changes of ion transporters and reduced Na+/K+ shoot ratios. The work provides first insights into the possible mechanisms and the commonality by which phylogenetically diverse bacteria from different desert plants induce salinity stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. The bacterial isolates provide new tools for studying abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in plants and a promising agricultural solution for increasing crop yields in semi-arid regions

Additional file 3: of Analysis of the three-dimensional anatomical variance of the distal radius using 3D shape models

Animated illustrations of the first five modes of all radius models. A: Female left radii model; B: Female right radii model; C: Male left radii model; D: Male right radii model. (ZIP 9547 kb

Ethylene induced plant stress tolerance by <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. SA187 is mediated by 2‐keto‐4‐methylthiobutyric acid production

<div><p>Several plant species require microbial associations for survival under different biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we show that <i>Enterobacter</i> sp. SA187, a desert plant endophytic bacterium, enhances yield of the crop plant alfalfa under field conditions as well as growth of the model plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro</i>, revealing a high potential of SA187 as a biological solution for improving crop production. Studying the SA187 interaction with Arabidopsis, we uncovered a number of mechanisms related to the beneficial association of SA187 with plants. SA187 colonizes both the surface and inner tissues of Arabidopsis roots and shoots. SA187 induces salt stress tolerance by production of bacterial 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA), known to be converted into ethylene. By transcriptomic, genetic and pharmacological analyses, we show that the ethylene signaling pathway, but not plant ethylene production, is required for KMBA-induced plant salt stress tolerance. These results reveal a novel molecular communication process during the beneficial microbe-induced plant stress tolerance.</p></div

Ion content in Arabidopsis seedlings.

<p>Shoot Na⁺ content (A), shoot K⁺ content (B) and shoot Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (C) of 17-day-old mock- or SA187-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings exposed for 12 days to ½ MS with or without 100 mM NaCl (48 > n > 36). Root Na+ content (D), root K⁺ content (E) and root Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (F) of 17-day-old mock- or SA187-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings exposed for 12 days to ½ MS with or without 100mM NaCl (48 > n > 12). All plots represent the mean of three biological replicates, and error bars represent SE. Asterisks indicate a statistical difference based on the Mann-Whitney test (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001).</p

SA187 modulates abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene hormonal pathways under salt stress.

<p>(A) Salicylic acid (SA), (B) abscisic acid (ABA) and (C) jasmonic acid (JA) content in mock- and SA187-inoculated plants after growth on ½ MS with or without 100 mM NaCl for 12 days. Error bars indicate SE, based on three biological replicates. Asterisks indicate a statistical difference based on the Mann-Whitney test (* P < 0.05). (D) The ethylene reporter, <i>pEBF2</i>::<i>GUS</i>, visualizing the relative ethylene content in primary root tips of mock- and SA187-inoculated, and ACC-treated 7-day-old seedlings under normal conditions (salt stress conditions provided similar results). Bar = 100 μm.</p

Ethylene signaling is important for the beneficial effect of SA187 under salt stress.

<p>(A) Fresh weight and beneficial index (a ratio between fresh weight of SA187- and mock-inoculated seedlings) of mutants in hormonal pathways transferred from ½ MS to ½ MS + 100 mM NaCl (5+12 days). <i>acs</i> = heptuple mutant <i>acs1-1 acs2-1 acs4-1 acs5-2 acs6-1 acs7-1 acs9-1</i>, and <i>pyr1/pyl</i> = quadruple mutant <i>pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4</i>. All plots represent the mean of three biological replicates (n > 36). Error bars represent SE. (B) qPCR expression analysis of four ethylene-associated genes in 17-day-old mock- and SA187-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings exposed for 12 days to ½ MS with or without 100 mM NaCl. Normalized expression indicates the linear fold change compared to mock-treated plants on ½ MS. Values represent means of three biological experiments, each in three technical replicates. Error bars indicate SE. (C) 100 nM ACC partially mimics the effect of SA187 on salt stress tolerance improvement in Arabidopsis seedlings. Five-day-old-seedlings were transferred to ½ MS + 100 mM NaCl with or without ACC and evaluated after 12 days. SA187-inoculated plants were used for comparison. (D) Total fresh weight of mock- and SA187-inoculated 18-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings on ½ MS with 100 mM NaCl supplemented with the ethylene synthesis inhibitor AVG or ethylene signaling inhibitor AgNO₃. Error bars representing SE and beneficial index (%) are displayed. Asterisks indicate a statistical difference based on the Student’s t-test (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001).</p

Colonization of Arabidopsis seedlings with GFP-expressing SA187 visualized by confocal microscopy.

<p>(A) Root colonization of agar-grown seedlings starts in the elongation zone. Large colonies then occur in the differentiation zone. MIP; bar = 100 μm. (B) Colonies first established themselves in grooves between root epidermal cells. MIP; bar = 10 μm. (C) Large colonies in the differentiation zone grow out from the grooves. MIP; bar = 10 μm. (D) Root colonization of soil-grown seedlings exhibit a more random pattern in comparison to agar-grown seedlings. MIP; bar = 50 μm. (E) Lateral root emergence allows SA187 to enter the root and colonize the lateral root base (marked by arrowheads). A selected confocal section from a Z-stack with top and side orthogonal views. Bar = 20 μm. (F) Scattered SA187 colonies occur inside the root tissues in two-week-old seedlings (marked by arrowheads). A single confocal section. Bar = 20 μm. (G) In cotyledons, SA187 colonizes grooves between epidermal cells (left side) as well as the extracellular space between mesophyll cells (right side; marked by arrowheads). A single oblique confocal section is shown. Bar = 20 μm. (H) SA187 colonization of the hypocotyl epidermis. MIP; bar = 20 μm. (I) SA187 cells enter hypocotyl via stomata, move freely among hypocotyl cells and occasionally establish colonies inside. A selected confocal section from a Z-stack with top and side orthogonal views. Bar = 50 μm. Green–SA187-GFP; Magenta–cells walls (propidium iodide labeling); Blue–chloroplasts (autofluorescence); MIP–maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack.</p