Bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional cheese

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are a group of bacteria that are found as natural microbiota in various ecosystems. They are used ato producea huge variety of fermented foods, they occur in pharmaceutical formulations and as probiotics in functional foods. They can produce a number of antimicrobial metabolites, including organic acids and other organic components, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins. The aim of this study was the evaluation of antibacterial activity of LAB isolated during production and maturation of traditional Rugova cheese. Samples for analysis were collected from different points of Rugova region and were transported to the laboratory under constant cooling conditions. The bacterial isolation was performed using standard methods and the isolates of LAB were identified down to the species level using a Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Out of 140 tested isolates 105 had the ability to produce bacteriocins. The large number of bacteriocin producers demonstrates the great assertiveness of the natural LAB microbiota over potentially existing pathogens. Thus, the ability of bacteriocin production by LAB isolated from Rugova cheese can be taken as a measure of quality and safety of this traditional product

The Occurrence of Bovine Digital Dermatitis (BDD) on Service Period in Dairy Cows in Kosovo

The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in dairy cows in region of north Kosovo in the period of time from calving to conception. A total of 200 dairy cows were examined clinically for the presence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) on service period in Dairy Cows in Kosovo. 25 out of 200 cows have been affected by BDD. The prevalence of this condition was evaluated, and the time of successful insemination was surveyed. The most affected numbers of animals were first parity heifers 11 or 44 %25, CI 95%25 (26.67 to 62.93), second parity 06 or 24 %25, CI 95%25 (11.5 to 43.43), third parity 04 or 16 %25, CI 95%25 (6.40 to 34.65), fourth parity 03 or 12 %25, CI 95%25 (4.16 to 29.95) as well as fifth parity with 03 or 12 %25, CI 95%25 (4.16 to 29.95). Our study revealed that the hind legs were mostly affected than the front legs. 64 %25 of the pathologies were detected in the hind legs and 36 %25 in the front legs. The affected cows were successfully inseminated 127, 2 plusmn%253B 14.42 days after parturition. This study shows on how important is the health management of the farms and farmers are often not cautious about the consequences

\u3ci\u3eShort communication\u3c/i\u3e: A countrywide survey of antimicrobialresistant indicator bacteria in Kosovo’s dairy farms

The World Health Organization recently recognized the Republic of Kosovo as one of the highest consumers per capita of antibiotics for human use among non- European Union Eastern European countries; however, data are limited regarding antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance in the livestock sector for this recently formed country. The objective of this study was to conduct the first nationwide survey of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in indicator bacteria collected from dairy farms in Kosovo. Composite fecal samples were collected from 52 farms located within all 7 administrative districts of Kosovo in the summer of 2014. Isolation and characterization of the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (n = 165) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 153) from these samples was achieved by culturing on selective/differential media with and without select antibiotics, followed by MALDI-TOF (matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight) mass spectrometry-based identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. When no selective pressure was applied in culture-based isolation, the majority of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. collected were resistant to ≤1 of 16 and ≤2 of 12 antibiotics tested, respectively. In contrast, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated using sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin were typically resistant to at least one and often multiple antibiotic types, which primarily consisted of certain β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides, phenicols, and tetracyclines for E. coli isolates and macrolides, tetracyclines, and rifamycins for enterococci isolates

EFFECTS OF ATROPINE SULPHATE PRIOR TO USAGE OF PRE ANESTHETIC AND ANESTHETICS IN DOGS

In this study two protocols of anesthesia in dogs using different medicament combinations were compared for their efficiency and side effects in dogs. For this purpose dogs of different ages, races, and weight delivered for curing purposes have been involved in this study. In the first group of dogs the anaesthesia protocol comprising of xylazine as sedative substance, acepromazine as tranqulizier, ketamine as narcotic medicament IM (Intramusculuar) wereadministered, and in control group prior to application of xylazine, acepromazine, ketamine IM the atropine sulphate was administered. The goal of different combinations of medicaments with tranquilizing, sedative, narcotic and anticholinergic effect was the evaluation for better combination with fewer side effects for narcosis in ambulatory conditions. In first group, effect of mixture acepromazine + xylazine is reached after 51,3 minutes after I/M injection, meanwhile the speed of anaesthetic induction with additional application of ketamine is reached after 3 1,6 min after injection. In the second group as control group the administration of atropine sulphate 10 minutes prior injection of mixture acepromazine + xylazine and ketamine reaches the mixture effect after 41,2 minutes from last injection I/M. Meanwhile the speed of anaesthetic induction in second group with additional application of ketamine is reached after 3 1,1 minutes after injection. The combinations studied here revealed satisfactory results, assuring good anesthesia, less side effects and easy to perform in ambulatory conditions

Short communication. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates in Kosovo

Three serum samples positive in Antigen ELISA BVDV have been tested to characterise genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Kosovo. Samples were obtained in 2011 from heifers and were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequenced and analysed by computer-assisted phylogenetic analysis. Amplified products and nucleotide sequence showed that all 3 isolates belonged to BVDV 1 genotype and 1b sub genotype. These results enrich the extant knowledge of BVDV and represent the first documented data about Kosovo BVDV isolates

FOWLPOX VIRUS OUTBREAKS IN KOSOVAN LAYER FLOCKS: AN EVIDENCE OF VACCINATION FAILURE

In October 2008, two outbreaks of fowlpox virus (FPV) were registered at a laying hen facility in Northwest Kosovo despite prior vaccination of birds at 14-15 weeks of age. Both forms of the disease (cutaneous and diphtheritic) were confirmed in both outbreaks. During the outbreak, 30 samples from the cutaneous nodular lesions and fibro-necrotic proliferative lesions (from mucosa of the mouth and pharyngeal mucous membrane), were randomly selected from 350 severely infected birds for laboratory analysis. Avipox-specific PCR, employing one primer set that framed a region within the avian poxvirus 4b core protein gene, enabled the detection of FPV-specific DNA from all three pooled samples tested. This provides the first irrefutable evidence of FPV in the Kosovan flocks, also supporting the failure of current vaccination programmes to contain FPV in this area. The relevance of these results to the wider poultry industry, and to developing our understanding of this disease and its future treatment, are discussed