La relation entre les dépenses et les recettes publiques dans une économie régionale : le Québec, 1955-82

La croissance des dépenses publiques mène-t-elle à une augmentation des revenus ou est-ce la croissance des revenus provinciaux qui fait augmenter les dépenses publiques? De récentes études ont démontré qu’il y a une dépendance mutuelle entre les dépenses publiques et le PNB. Ces résultats ont des implications évidentes pour les politiques et les prévisions économiques. Les auteurs du présent article se demandent si ces résultats sont valables pour une économie régionale (tel qu’une province faisant partie d’une confédération) où les dépenses et les recettes publiques dépendent directement et indirectement d’un bon nombre d’accords et de programmes négociés avec le gouvernement fédéral. Cette étude démontre que même dans un contexte régional, il existe une relation avec feedback entre ces deux variables. Ainsi, la croissance des dépenses publiques et celle des revenus provinciaux au Québec se renforcent mutuellement en dépit des facteurs exogènes. Les auteurs suggèrent donc que le choix des politiques économiques se fasse dans un contexte plus global où l’on tiendrait compte de cette dépendance mutuelle.Does public expenditure growth stimulate income or is it the increase in provincial income which causes government spending to rise? Recent studies have shown that, at the national level, total public spending and national income are mutually dependent on each other in the causal sense. This finding has clear implications for economic policy and forecasting. In this paper the authors examine whether the above conclusion holds in a regional economy (such as a province in a Confederation) where both regional income and public expenditure are affected, directly and indirectly, by a host of agreements and programs negotiated with the federal government. This study shows that even in such a context, both the variables exhibit a feedback relationship. Thus, increases in public expenditure and provincial income in Quebec, in spite of exogenous forces, reinforce each other. Consequently, the authors suggest that public policy options be examined in terms of a more general framework embodying the joint-dependence

La relation entre les dépenses et les recettes publiques dans une économie régionale : le Québec, 1955-82

Does public expenditure growth stimulate income or is it the increase in provincial income which causes government spending to rise? Recent studies have shown that, at the national level, total public spending and national income are mutually dependent on each other in the causal sense. This finding has clear implications for economic policy and forecasting. In this paper the authors examine whether the above conclusion holds in a regional economy (such as a province in a Confederation) where both regional income and public expenditure are affected, directly and indirectly, by a host of agreements and programs negotiated with the federal government. This study shows that even in such a context, both the variables exhibit a feedback relationship. Thus, increases in public expenditure and provincial income in Quebec, in spite of exogenous forces, reinforce each other. Consequently, the authors suggest that public policy options be examined in terms of a more general framework embodying the joint-dependence. La croissance des dépenses publiques mène-t-elle à une augmentation des revenus ou est-ce la croissance des revenus provinciaux qui fait augmenter les dépenses publiques? De récentes études ont démontré qu’il y a une dépendance mutuelle entre les dépenses publiques et le PNB. Ces résultats ont des implications évidentes pour les politiques et les prévisions économiques. Les auteurs du présent article se demandent si ces résultats sont valables pour une économie régionale (tel qu’une province faisant partie d’une confédération) où les dépenses et les recettes publiques dépendent directement et indirectement d’un bon nombre d’accords et de programmes négociés avec le gouvernement fédéral. Cette étude démontre que même dans un contexte régional, il existe une relation avec feedback entre ces deux variables. Ainsi, la croissance des dépenses publiques et celle des revenus provinciaux au Québec se renforcent mutuellement en dépit des facteurs exogènes. Les auteurs suggèrent donc que le choix des politiques économiques se fasse dans un contexte plus global où l’on tiendrait compte de cette dépendance mutuelle.

Institutions, inequality and well-being in Latin America and Caribbean Countries

This paper focuses on the role of “institutions” in the fight against poverty and inequality. Our view of institutions encompasses formal rules designed by polity (including those in the legal and economics sphere such as rules of property rights, contracts and liabilities) as well as informal rules (usually labelled social capital) that have emerged over the history of one’s civilisation. The inclusion of health, nutrition, and literacy indicators in defining well-being (or, non-income poverty à la capability approach of Amartya Sen) allows a rich discussion of policy interventions. While both orientations as to the concepts of poverty, inequality and institutions are expounded on a priori reasoning, empirical analysis with LAC data prove rewarding. Quality of institutions (measured by a composite variable called institutional capital, IC) turns out to be a key factor explaining well-being. Further where the level of income is also important to the explanation, the quantitative role of the institutional factor dominates that of the income variable. Within IC, political stability (or lack of violence) appeared to provide the more precise estimates in every case. Consequently we argue that the foremost policy interventions ought to be in the areas of building both adequate formal institutions, as well as creating an enabling environment for the informal institutions (such as social capital) to flourish and find their own roots. The principal focus of the policy debate must centre on the mutual interaction of market as well as non-market institutions in reducing poverty broadly speaking

In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Leave Extract of Raphanus Sativus in Rats Using CCL4 Model

Background: Raphanus sativus is reported to have a variety of biological activities. This work screened the hepato-protective and antioxidant activity of ethanol (ERS), and aqueous (ARS), extracts of leaves of Raphanus sativus in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), model in rats.Material and Methods: The extracts were subjected to antioxidant tests (Total reducing power and Total phenolic content), and preliminary phytochemical screening. A pilot study was done on 100 and 300 mg/kg extracts, form which 300 mg was chosen for further experiments. The albino rats (200-250 grams), were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each (n=6). There were three control groups comprising of normal control (normal saline -1ml/kg), negative control group (CCl4 1ml/kg in olive oil in a ratio of 1:1 v/v), and positive control group (Silymarin 50mg/kg). The Test drugs were given in a dose of 300 mg/kg for both ERS and ARS extract for 7 days. Biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase, Total Bilirubin), histo-pathological examination of liver and in vivo antioxidant tests [CAT, GSH and MDA] were done.Results: The phytochemical study showed the presence of flavanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins and sterols. A dose dependent increase in the oxidative potential was observed in both the extracts with total phenolic content 70.1 and 44.4 GAE/g extract for ERS and ARS respectively. ERS 300mg/kg showed a significant (p<0.001) increase in levels of AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase as compared to negative control (percentage hepatoprotection =45.3%) while ARS 300 mg/kg (p<.01) group showed 30% hepatoprotection. The GSH (p<0.001) and CAT (p<0.05) in ERS and ARS were significantly increased while MDA levels were decreased (P< 0.01), as compared negative control. The findings were confirmed histo-pathological examination.Conclusion: The ethanol and aqueous extract of Raphanus sativus have partial hepatoprotection against CCl4 toxicity.Key words: Raphanus sativus, hepatoprotection, CCl4, antioxidant

Socioeconomic Status and Clinical Stage of Patients Presenting for Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease

OBJECTIVES: The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic venous insufficiency has not been rigorously studied. This study aimed to determine the influence of SES on the clinical stage of patients presenting for chronic venous disease therapy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of a prospectively collected data from the Vascular Quality Initiative Varicose Vein Registry at our tertiary referral center. Medical records of patients who underwent therapy for chronic venous disease between January 2015 and June 2019 were queried. SES was quantified using the neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), which summarizes 8 domains of socioeconomic deprivation and is based on census tract data derived from the patients\u27 addresses at the time of the treatment. High NDI scores correspond with lower SES. The association between SES and severity of vein disease at presentation was assessed with bivariate analysis of variance and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 449 patients with complete SES and clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology (CEAP) class data were included in the study. The mean age was 58 years, 67% were female, and 60% were White. CEAP classes were distributed as follows C2, 22%; C3, 50%; C4, 15%; C5, 5%; and C6, 8%. Patients with lower SES (higher NDI score) tended to have a higher CEAP class at presentation (P \u3c 0.05). SES was not associated with history of deep venous thrombosis, use of compression therapy, or venous clinical severity score. CONCLUSIONS: At our institution, patients with more advanced venous disease tended to belong to a lower SES group. This may reflect that patient with a lower SES have a longer time to presentation due to delay in seeking medical help for venous disease

Congenital anomaly of coronary artery: absence of left circumflex artery

The prevalence of congenital coronary artery anomalies is approximately 1% in the general population. They are a common cause of sudden death in younger persons. Congenital absence of the left circumflex artery is usually a benign condition but can cause symptoms of exertional angina. We present a case of a 59-year-old female who presented with complaints of chest pain. She was evaluated by the cardiology service. An invasive angiogram identified the absence of the circumflex artery, a large right coronary artery, and large septal and diagonal branches of the left main coronary artery possibly as a compensatory mechanism to supply blood to the LCx territories. It is important to define coronary anatomy as anomalies dictate which cardiac intervention should be attempted in cases of ischemia

Combined epicardial and endocardial ablation for atrial fibrillation:Best practices and guide to hybrid convergent procedures

The absence of strategies to consistently and effectively address nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation by nonpharmacological interventions has represented a long-standing treatment gap. A combined epicardial/endocardial ablation strategy, the hybrid Convergent procedure, was developed in response to this clinical need. A subxiphoid incision is used to access the pericardial space facilitating an epicardial ablation directed at isolation of the posterior wall of the left atrium. This is followed by an endocardial ablation to complete isolation of the pulmonary veins and for additional ablation as needed. Experience gained with the hybrid Convergent procedure during the last decade has led to the development and adoption of strategies to optimize the technique and mitigate risks. Additionally, a surgical and electrophysiology "team" approach including comprehensive training is believed critical to successfully develop the hybrid Convergent program. A recently completed randomized clinical trial indicated that this ablation strategy is superior to an endocardial-only approach for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. In this review, we propose and describe best practice guidelines for hybrid Convergent ablation on the basis of a combination of published data, author consensus, and expert opinion. A summary of clinical outcomes, emerging evidence, and future perspectives is also given

Spontaneous dural tear leading to intracranial hypotension and tonsillar herniation in Marfan syndrome: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We describe the case of a 38 year old male with Marfan syndrome who presented with orthostatic headaches and seizures.</p> <p>Case Presentation</p> <p>The patient was diagnosed with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension secondary to CSF leaks, objectively demonstrated by MR Myelogram with intrathecal contrast. Epidural autologus blood patch was administered at the leakage site leading to significant improvement.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our literature search shows that this is the second reported case of a Marfan patient presenting with symptomatic spontaneous CSF leaks along with tonsillar herniation.</p