Simulation of regional product and income with emphasis on Iowa, 1954-1974

To simulate the growth of a region\u27s product and income is to create the data that describe the evolution of a regional economic system. In this study the data pertain to the Iowa economy for the 20-year period - 1954 to 1974. They are presented for two primary purposes - to illustrate (a) the effects of major market and technological trends on a state or regional economy and (b) the uses of social accounting data in state or regional development and planing. Estimates of the gross Iowa product are presented to show its changing composition over the 1954-74 period. In addition, a system of economic relationships is used to generate year-to-year changes in specific components of Iowa\u27s gross product. The Iowa data show the principal structural features of the state\u27s economy. In 1954, for example, the gross Iowa product (i.e., the value added by economic activity in Iowa) was 5.6 billion dollars, of which 4.5 billion dollars was in the form of personal income payments. Thus, the 1954 gross state product of $2,090 per capita was sufficient to allow for an average personal income of$1,690, given a total Iowa population of 2,665,000. By 1974, the Iowa gross product will reach 9.5 billion dollars (in constant 1954 dollars) - an increase over the 20-year period of 2.7 percent per year, compounded annually - according to the benchmark projections. Total population in 1974 is estimated at 2,852,400, an increase of only 1/3 percent per year. Per-capita personal income would reach 2,560 dollars per person, while projected gross investment would reach 2.2 billion dollars

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Simulation of regional product and income with emphasis on Iowa, 1954-1974

To simulate the growth of a region's product and income is to create the data that describe the evolution of a regional economic system. In this study the data pertain to the Iowa economy for the 20-year period - 1954 to 1974. They are presented for two primary purposes - to illustrate (a) the effects of major market and technological trends on a state or regional economy and (b) the uses of social accounting data in state or regional development and planing. Estimates of the gross Iowa product are presented to show its changing composition over the 1954-74 period. In addition, a system of economic relationships is used to generate year-to-year changes in specific components of Iowa's gross product. The Iowa data show the principal structural features of the state's economy. In 1954, for example, the gross Iowa product (i.e., the "value added" by economic activity in Iowa) was 5.6 billion dollars, of which 4.5 billion dollars was in the form of personal income payments. Thus, the 1954 gross state product of $2,090 per capita was sufficient to allow for an average personal income of$1,690, given a total Iowa population of 2,665,000. By 1974, the Iowa gross product will reach 9.5 billion dollars (in constant 1954 dollars) - an increase over the 20-year period of 2.7 percent per year, compounded annually - according to the benchmark projections. Total population in 1974 is estimated at 2,852,400, an increase of only 1/3 percent per year. Per-capita personal income would reach 2,560 dollars per person, while projected gross investment would reach 2.2 billion dollars.</p

Agricultural Research Bulletins, Nos. 522-555

Volume 35, Bulletins 522-555. (522) Role of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers in Continuous Corn Culture on Nicollet and Webster Soils; (523) Solving Tile Drainage Problems by Using Model Data; (524) Soybean Yields and Plant Composition as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers; (525) Conservation Reserve in South-Central Iowa; (526) Application of Distributed Lag and Autocorrelated Error Models to Short-Run Demand Analysis; (527) Cost Functions in Relation to Farm Size and Machinery Technology in Southern Iowa; (528) Family Decision-Making and Role Patterns Among Iowa Farm and Nonfarm Families; (529) Milk Production Functions in Relation to Feed Inputs, Cow Characteristics and Environmental Conditions; (530) Regional Intersectoral Relations and Demand Projections with Emphasis on the Feed-Livestock Economy of the North Central States; (531) Effect of Feed-Grain Output Controls on Resource Uses and Values in Northern and Southern Iowa; (532) Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Nutrient Status and Profitability of Bromegrass on Ida Soils: I. Effect on Yields and Economics of Use, II. Effect on Chemical Composition of Bromegrass; (533) Experiments with Autoregressive Error Estimation; (534) Farm Migrants to the City: A Comparison of the Status, Achievement, Community and Family Relations of Farm Migrants with Urban Migrants and Urban Natives in Des Moines, Iowa; (535) Relationship of Tree Survival and Yield to Coal-Spoil Characteristics; (536) Effects of Migration on the Open-Country Population of Iowa, 1950-61; (537) Normative Supply Functions and Optimum Farm Plans for Northeaster Iowa; (538) Programming Analysis of Interregional Competition and Surplus Capacity of American Agriculture; (538) Projections of U. S. Agricultural Capacity and Interregional Adjustments in Production and Land Use with Spatial Programming Models; (539) Yield Response of Corn in a Planosol Soil to Subsurface Drainage with Variable Tile Spacings; (541) Evaluation of Alternative market Organizations in a Simulated Livestock-Meat Economy; (542) Exploratory Econometric Study of Dairy Bargaining Cooperatives; (543) Fertilizer Production Functions from Experimental Data with Associated Supply and Demand Relationships; (544) Comparisons of Laboratory and Greenhouse Indexes of Nutrient Availability in Soils; (545) Aggregate Investment Demand for Farm Buildings: A National, Regional and State Time-Series Analysis; (546) Characteristics of Operator Entry Into Iowa Farming, 1959-60; (547) Coordinated Egg Production and marketing in the North Central States: V. Least-Cost Egg Marketing Organization Under Alternative Production Patterns; (548) Simulation of Regional Product and Income with Emphasis on Iowa, 1954-1974; (549) Postglacial Environments in Relation to Landscape and Soils on the Cary Drift, Iowa; (550) Analysis of Ranking of Dairy Bargaining Cooperative Objectives; (551) Hyperactivity, Blood Lactic Acid and Mortality in Channel Catfish; (552) Selection in Zea mays L. by Inbred Line Appearance and Testcross Performance in Low and High Plant Densities; (553) Dissemination of Farm Market News and Its Importance in Decision-Making; (554) Fertilizer Production Functions in Relation to Weather, Location, Soil and Crop Variables; (555) Acreage Response and Production Supply Functions for Soybeans</p