Real-time plasma state monitoring and supervisory control on TCV

In ITER and DEMO, various control objectives related to plasma control must be simultaneously achieved by the plasma control system (PCS), in both normal operation as well as off-normal conditions. The PCS must act on off-normal events and deviations from the target scenario, since certain sequences (chains) of events can precede disruptions. It is important that these decisions are made while maintaining a coherent prioritization between the real-time control tasks to ensure high-performance operation. In this paper, a generic architecture for task-based integrated plasma control is proposed. The architecture is characterized by the separation of state estimation, event detection, decisions and task execution among different algorithms, with standardized signal interfaces. Central to the architecture are a plasma state monitor and supervisory controller. In the plasma state monitor, discrete events in the continuous-valued plasma state are modeled using finite state machines. This provides a high-level representation of the plasma state. The supervisory controller coordinates the execution of multiple plasma control tasks by assigning task priorities, based on the finite states of the plasma and the pulse schedule. These algorithms were implemented on the TCV digital control system and integrated with actuator resource management and existing state estimation algorithms and controllers. The plasma state monitor on TCV can track a multitude of plasma events, related to plasma current, rotating and locked neoclassical tearing modes, and position displacements. In TCV experiments on simultaneous control of plasma pressure, safety factor profile and NTMs using electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (ECCD), the supervisory controller assigns priorities to the relevant control tasks. The tasks are then executed by feedback controllers and actuator allocation management. This work forms a significant step forward in the ongoing integration of control capabilities in experiments on TCV, in support of tokamak reactor operation

Influence of Uncertainty of Body Permittivity on Achievable Radiation Efficiency of Implantable Antennas-Stochastic Analysis

Design of medical sensor implants is very challenging due to numerous restrictions in terms of size and biological acceptability. In addition, large absorption and reflection of electromagnetic waves in body tissues significantly degrades the communication link capabilities. The usual assumption in calculating the link budget is that the permittivity and conductivity of the body tissues are known. However, biological tissues show considerable diversity in structure and consequently in dielectric properties. The first aim of this article is to determine how much the uncertainty of the body tissues' constitutive parameters affects the prediction of the achievable radiation efficiency of the implant. The second aim is to understand the loss mechanism and thus which tissue permittivity and/or conductivity has the dominant influence on losses. The analysis is done by considering a spherical multilayer human phantom and applying spherical wave decomposition proposed in a previous article. The stochastic collocation method is used to estimate the uncertainty of power density outside the human body, and sensitivity on the uncertainty of each tissue parameter is performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Several test cases were considered and the results clearly indicate which constitutive parameters have dominant effect on uncertainty.MA

Uncertainty Estimation of Achievable Radiation Efficiency of Implantable Antennas

Designing antennas for implanted medical devices is a very complex task where one needs to tackle inherently large EM absorption in the human tissue and very limited available space for the antenna. In addition, designers need to carefully limit the power output of the devices due to health safety regulations and small battery volume. Furthermore, the initial designs assume that permittivity and conductivity of different types of human tissues are known. Unfortunately, these values have a significant variation depending on the age, sex and health conditions of the actual patient. Such variations need to be taken into account in initial designs and in this paper we analyze the influence which the uncertainty of the tissues dielectric parameters have on the predictable power density in implanted antenna scenarios.MA

Comparison of runaway electron generation parameters in small, medium-sized and large tokamaks - A survey of experiments in COMPASS, TCV, ASDEX-Upgrade and JET

This paper presents a survey of the experiments on runaway electrons (RE) carried out recently in frames of EUROFusion Consortium in different tokamaks: COMPASS, ASDEX-Upgrade, TCV and JET. Massive gas injection (MGI) has been used in different scenarios for RE generation in small and medium-sized tokamaks to elaborate the most efficient and reliable ones for future RE experiments. New data on RE generated at disruptions in COMPASS and ASDEX-Upgrade was collected and added to the JET database. Different accessible parameters of disruptions, such as current quench rate, conversion rate of plasma current into runaways, etc have been analysed for each tokamak and compared to JET data. It was shown, that tokamaks with larger geometrical sizes provide the wider limits for spatial and temporal variation of plasma parameters during disruptions, thus extending the parameter space for RE generation. The second part of experiments was dedicated to study of RE generation in stationary discharges in COMPASS, TCV and JET. Injection of Ne/Ar have been used to mock-up the JET MGI runaway suppression experiments. Secondary RE avalanching was identified and quantified for the first time in the TCV tokamak in RE generating discharges after massive Ne injection. Simulations of the primary RE generation and secondary avalanching dynamics in stationary discharges has demonstrated that RE current fraction created via avalanching could achieve up to 70-75% of the total plasma current in TCV. Relaxations which are reminiscent the phenomena associated to the kinetic instability driven by RE have been detected in RE discharges in TCV. Macroscopic parameters of RE dominating discharges in TCV before and after onset of the instability fit well to the empirical instability criterion, which was established in the early tokamaks and examined by results of recent numerical simulations

Real-time-capable prediction of temperature and density profiles in a tokamak using RAPTOR and a first-principle-based transport model

1488siThe RAPTOR code is a control-oriented core plasma profile simulator with various applications in control design and verification, discharge optimization and real-time plasma simulation. To date, RAPTOR was capable of simulating the evolution of poloidal flux and electron temperature using empirical transport models, and required the user to input assumptions on the other profiles and plasma parameters. We present an extension of the code to simulate the temperature evolution of both ions and electrons, as well as the particle density transport. A proof-of-principle neural-network emulation of the quasilinear gyrokinetic QuaLiKiz transport model is coupled to RAPTOR for the calculation of first-principle-based heat and particle turbulent transport. These extended capabilities are demonstrated in a simulation of a JET discharge. The multi-channel simulation requires ∼0.2 s to simulate 1 second of a JET plasma, corresponding to ∼20 energy confinement times, while predicting experimental profiles within the limits of the transport model. The transport model requires no external inputs except for the boundary condition at the top of the H-mode pedestal. This marks the first time that simultaneous, accurate predictions of T e, T i and n e have been obtained using a first-principle-based transport code that can run in faster-than-real-time for present-day tokamaks.reservedmixedRedondo J.; Meyer H.; Eich Th.; Beurskens M.; Coda S.; Hakola A.; Martin P.; Adamek J.; Agostini M.; Aguiam D.; Ahn J.; Aho-Mantila L.; Akers R.; Albanese R.; Aledda R.; Alessi E.; Allan S.; Alves D.; Ambrosino R.; Amicucci L.; Anand H.; Anastassiou G.; Andrebe Y.; Angioni C.; Apruzzese G.; Ariola M.; Arnichand H.; Arter W.; Baciero A.; Barnes M.; Barrera L.; Behn R.; Bencze A.; Bernardo J.; Bernert M.; Bettini P.; Bilkova P.; Bin W.; Birkenmeier G.; Bizarro J.P.S.; Blanchard P.; Blanken T.; Bluteau M.; Bobkov V.; Bogar O.; Bohm P.; Bolzonella T.; Boncagni L.; Botrugno A.; Bottereau C.; Bouquey F.; Bourdelle C.; Bremond S.; Brezinsek S.; Brida D.; Brochard F.; Buchanan J.; Bufferand H.; Buratti P.; Cahyna P.; Calabro G.; Camenen Y.; Caniello R.; Cannas B.; Canton A.; 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Testa D.; Theiler C.; Thornton A.; Tolias P.; Tophoj L.; Treutterer W.; Trevisan G.L.; Tripsky M.; Tsironis C.; Tsui C.; Tudisco O.; Uccello A.; Urban J.; Valisa M.; Olivares P.V.; Valovic M.; van den Brand H.; Vanovac B.; Varoutis S.; Vartanian S.; Vega J.; Verdoolaege G.; Verhaegh K.; Vermare L.; Vianello N.; Vicente J.; Viezzer E.; Vignitchouk L.; Vijvers W.A.J.; Villone F.; Viola B.; Vlahos L.; Voitsekhovitch I.; Vondracek P.; Vu N.M.T.; Wagner D.; Walkden N.; Wang N.; Wauters T.; Weiland M.; Weinzettl V.; Westerhof E.; Wiesenberger M.; Willensdorfer M.; Wischmeier M.; Wodniak I.; Wolfrum E.; Yadykin D.; Zagorski R.; Zammuto I.; Zanca P.; Zaplotnik R.; Zestanakis P.; Zhang W.; Zoletnik S.; Zuin M.; Litaudon X.; Abduallev S.; Abhangi M.; Abreu P.; Afzal M.; Aggarwal K.M.; Ahlgren T.; Ahn J.H.; Aiba N.; Airila M.; Aldred V.; Alegre D.; Aleynikov P.; Alfier A.; Alkseev A.; Allinson M.; Alper B.; Alves E.; Ambrosino G.; Amosov V.; Sunden E.A.; Angelone M.; Anghel M.; Appel L.; Appelbee C.; 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Moreira L.; Moreno R.; Moro F.; Morris A.W.; Morris J.; Moser L.; Mosher S.; Murari A.; Muraro A.; Murphy S.; Asakura N.N.; Na Y.S.; Naish R.; Nakano T.; Nave M.F.F.; Nedzelski I.; Nemtsev G.; Neto A.; Neverov V.S.; Newman M.; Nicholls K.J.; Nicolas T.; Nielsen P.; Nilsson E.; Nishijima D.; Noble C.; Nodwell D.; Nordlund K.; Nordman H.; Nunes I.; Odupitan T.; Ogawa M.T.; O'Gorman T.; Okabayashi M.; Olney R.; Omolayo O.; O'Mullane M.; Ongena J.; Orsitto F.; Orszagh J.; Oswuigwe B.I.; Otin R.; Owen A.; Pace N.; Pacella D.; Packer L.W.; Page A.; Pajuste E.; Palazzo S.; Panja S.; Papp P.; Park M.; Diaz F.P.; Parsons M.; Pasqualotto R.; Patel A.; Pathak S.; Paton D.; Patten H.; Pawelec E.; Soldan C.P.; Peackoc A.; Pearson I.J.; Peluso E.; Penot C.; Pereira R.; Puglia P.P.P.; von Thun C.P.; Peruzzo S.; Peschanyi S.; Petravich G.; Petre A.; Petrella N.; Peysson Y.; Pfefferle D.; Philipps V.; Pillon M.; Pintsuk G.; dos Reis A.P.; Piron L.; Pizzo F.; Pomaro N.; Pompilian O.G.; Pool P.J.; Popovichev S.; Porfiri M.T.; Porosnicu C.; Porton M.; Possnert G.; Powell T.; Pozzi J.; Prajapati V.; Prakash R.; Prestopino G.; Price D.; Price M.; Price R.; Prior P.; Proudfoot R.; Puglia P.; Pulley D.; Purahoo K.; Putterich Th.; Rachlew E.; Ragona R.; Rainford M.S.J.; Rakha A.; Ranjan S.; Rapson C.J.; Rathod K.; Ratta G.; Rayner C.; Rebai M.; Reece D.; Reed A.; Regan B.; Regana J.; Reid N.; Reinhart M.; Rendell D.; Cortes S.D.A.R.; Reynolds S.; Riccardo V.; Richardson N.; Riddle K.; Rigamonti D.; Rimini F.G.; Risner J.; Riva M.; Roach C.; Robins R.J.; Robinson S.A.; Robinson T.; Robson D.W.; Roccella R.; Rodionov R.; Rodrigues P.; Rodriguez J.; Romanelli F.; Romanelli M.; Romanelli S.; Romazanov J.; Rowe S.; Rubel M.; Rubinacci G.; Rubino G.; Ruchko L.; Ruiz M.; Ruset C.; Rzadkiewicz J.; Safi E.; Sagar P.; Saibene G.; Salmon R.; Salzedas F.; Samm U.; Sandiford D.; Santa P.; Santala M.I.K.; Santos B.; Santucci A.; Sartori F.; Sartori R.; Schlummer T.; Schmid K.; Schmidt V.; Schmuck S.; Schopf K.; Schworer D.; 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O.; Denner, P.; Di Troia, C.; Dimitrova, M.; D'Inca, R.; Doric, V.; Douai, D.; Drenik, A.; Dudson, B.; Dunai, D.; Dunne, M.; Duval, B. P.; Easy, L.; Elmore, S.; Erdos, B.; Esposito, B.; Fable, E.; Faitsch, M.; Fanni, A.; Fedorczak, N.; Felici, F.; Ferreira, J.; Fevrier, O.; Ficker, O.; Fietz, S.; Figini, L.; Figueiredo, A.; Fil, A.; Fishpool, G.; Fitzgerald, M.; Fontana, M.; Ford, O.; Frassinetti, L.; Fridstrom, R.; Frigione, D.; Fuchert, G.; Fuchs, C.; Palumbo, M. F.; Futatani, S.; Gabellieri, L.; Galazka, K.; Galdon-Quiroga, J.; Galeani, S.; Gallart, D.; Gallo, A.; Galperti, C.; Gao, Y.; Garavaglia, S.; Garcia, J.; Garcia-Carrasco, A.; Garcia-Lopez, J.; Garcia-Munoz, M.; Gardarein, J. -L.; Garzotti, L.; Gaspar, J.; Gauthier, E.; Geelen, P.; Geiger, B.; Ghendrih, P.; Ghezzi, F.; Giacomelli, L.; Giannone, L.; Giovannoz

A locked mode indicator for disruption prediction on JET and ASDEX upgrade

The aim of this paper is to present a signal processing algorithm that, applied to the raw Locked Mode signal, allows us to obtain a disruption indicator in principle exploitable on different tokamaks. A common definition of such an indicator for different machines would facilitate the development of portable systems for disruption prediction, which is becoming of increasingly importance for the next tokamak generations. Moreover, the indicator allows us to overcome some intrinsic problems in the diagnostic system such as drift and offset. The behavior of the proposed indicator as disruption predictor, based on crossing optimized thresholds of the signal amplitude, has been analyzed using data of both JET and ASDEX Upgrade experiments. A thorough analysis of the disruption prediction performance shows how the indicator is able to recover some missed and tardy detections of the raw signal. Moreover, it intervenes and corrects premature or even wrong alarms due to, e.g., drifts and/or offsets

Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

International audienceIntegrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement {{H}\text{H</SUB