An introduction to orogenic andesites and crustal growth

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research on orogenic andesites. While their importance as proxies to the evolution of the continental crust has long been recognized, andesite genesis has remained highly controversial with a broader consensus yet to be reached. The controversy is fuelled by the question of whether orogenic andesites are primary melts of slab and mantle materials, or instead derivative products of basaltic mantle melts that differentiate in the overlying crust. These hypotheses are addressed in three sections of the book devoted to slab–mantle processes, the complexities of melt differentiation at crustal levels, and models pertaining to arc crustal growth. We believe that cross-fertilization and discussion among seemingly opposite and irreconcilable hypotheses will smooth the pathway towards a holistic communal model of andesite petrogenesis

Decoupling of fluids and fluid-mobile elements during shallow subduction: Evidence from halogen-rich andesite melt inclusions from the Izu arc volcanic front

[1] Very rare, halogen-rich andesite melt inclusions (HRA) in bytownitic plagioclase phenocrysts (An89–90) from tephra fallout of the Izu arc volcanic front (Izu VF) provide new insights into the processes of fluid release from slab trenchward to the volcanic front in a cool subduction zone. These HRA are markedly enriched in Cl, F and Li - by factors of up to 8 (Cl, F) and 1.5 (Li) - but indistinguishable with respect to the fluid-mobile large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; K, Sr, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb, U), rare earths (REE) or high field strength elements (HFSE) from the low-K tholeiitic magmas of the Izu VF. We suggest that the chemical signature of the HRA reflects the presence of a fluid in the mantle source that originated from the serpentinized mantle peridotite above the metacrust. This “wedge serpentinite” presumably formed by fluid infiltration beneath the forearc and was subsequently down-dragged with the slab to arc front depths. The combined evidence from the Izu VF (∼110 km above slab) and the outer forearc serpentinite seamounts (∼25 to 30 km above slab) suggests that the slab flux of B and Cl is highest beneath the forearc, and decreases with increasing slab depths. In contrast, the slab flux of Li is minor beneath the forearc, but increases with depth. Fluorine may behave similarly to Li, whereas the fluid-mobile LILE appear to be largely retained in the slab trenchward from the Izu VF. Consequently, the chemical signatures of both Izu trench sediments and basaltic rocks appear preserved until arc front depths

Milankovitch frequencies in tephra records at volcanic arcs: The relation of kyr-scale cyclic variations in volcanism to global climate changes

Highlights The increase in volcanic activity after the last glacial maximum observed on Iceland has led to one of the most fascinating hypothesis in science in the last decades: that deglaciation may force volcanism. We: - Re-analyzed four longer tephra records with the same statistical method and demonstrated that all contain the ∼41 kyr and ∼100 kyr Millankovitch periodicities. - The frequency spectra of the tephra and δ18O records are significantly correlated supporting the hypothesis that orbital-driven global climate changes interact with the volcanic eruption frequency regionally and globally. - However, the simultaneous analysis of the four best-characterized tephra records shows that correlations and associated time lags suffer from a number of uncertainties including the nature and quality of tephra time series, a wide range in geographic latitudes and geological settings, as well as applied statistical methods Therefore more precise tephra time series (preservation and age optimized) from different regions (glaciated versus non-glaciated) and geological settings (island arcs, continental arcs, intraplate) are needed together with standardized statistical analysis to decipher the impact of these factors on a global perspective of how climate may control volcanism. Abstract The increase in volcanic activity after the last glacial maximum observed on Iceland has led to one of the most fascinating hypothesis in science in the last decades: that deglaciation may force volcanism. Consequently, tephrostratigraphic records of sufficient length that cover multiple glacial cycles have been used to test whether such relationships hold systematically through the Quaternary. Here we review such tephra records that have been linked with climate proxy records such as δ18O in marine sediments, which is a measure of sea-level change and which is thought to be orbitally forced, as it exhibits the characteristic Milankovitch periodicities of precession (∼23 kyr), obliquity (∼41 kyr) and eccentricity (∼100 kyr). Statistical analyses have identified these periodicities also in long tephra records from different latitudes and geotectonic settings, as well as in compiled semi-global records. These studies detect Milankovitch periods in their tephra record, and also a phase shift relative to the δ18O record in such that periods of increased eruption frequencies coincide with the deglaciation period at the glacial/interglacial transition when ice and water loads on the lithosphere change most rapidly. However, there are also disparities in results and interpretations, which may be attributable to the different methods of analysis applied by the studies. We have therefore re-analyzed the four best-characterized tephra records by the same methods. We distinguish between analysis in the frequency domain, a novel approach, and analysis in the time domain, which has been used in previous studies. Analysis in the frequency domain identifies harmonic frequencies that arise from the binary nature of the tephra records and complicate the identification of primary frequencies. However, we show that all four records show spectral density peaks near the main Milankovitch periodicities of 41 and 100 kyr, and that they produce meaningful and significant statistical correlations with each other and the global δ18O record but not with random time series. Although the time-domain correlations with δ18O roughly confirm phase shifts implying peak volcanism during deglaciation, correlation coefficients arising from very noisy records are generally too low for precise constraints on the relative timing. These deficiencies presently hamper the recognition of the physical mechanisms through which global climate changes affect volcanism at both, high-latitude glaciated regions and low-latitude non-glaciated regions

Volatiles in subduction zone magmatism

The volatile cycle at subduction zones is key to the petrogenesis, transport, storage and eruption of arc magmas. Volatiles control the flux of slab components into the mantle wedge, are responsible for melt generation through lowering the solidi of mantle materials, and influence the crystallizing phase assemblages in the overriding crust. Globally, magma ponding depths may be partially controlled by melt volatile contents. Volatiles also affect the rate and extent of degassing during magma storage and decompression, influence magma rheology and therefore control eruption style. The style of eruptions in turn determines the injection height of environmentally sensitive gases into the atmosphere and the impact of explosive arc volcanism. In this overview we summarize recent advances regarding the role of volatiles during slab dehydration, melt generation in the mantle wedge, magmatic evolution in the overriding crust, eruption triggering, and the release of some magmatic volatiles from volcanic edifices into the Earth's atmosphere

100- kyr cyclicity in volcanic ash emplacement: evidence from a 1.1 Myr tephra record from the NW Pacific

It is a longstanding observation that the frequency of volcanism periodically changes at times of global climate change. The existence of causal links between volcanism and Earth's climate remains highly controversial, partly because most related studies only cover one glacial cycle. Longer records are available from marine sediment profiles in which the distribution of tephras records frequency changes of explosive arc volcanism with high resolution and time precision. Here we show that tephras of IODP Hole U1437B (northwest Pacific) record a cyclicity of explosive volcanism within the last 1.1 Myr. A spectral analysis of the dataset yields a statistically significant spectral peak at the similar to 100 kyr period, which dominates the global climate cycles since the Middle Pleistocene. A time-domain analysis of the entire eruption and delta O-18 record of benthic foraminifera as climate/sea level proxy shows that volcanism peaks after the glacial maximum and similar to 13 +/- 2 kyr before the delta O-18 minimum right at the glacial/interglacial transition. The correlation is especially good for the last 0.7 Myr. For the period 0.7-1.1 Ma, during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the correlation is weaker, since the 100 kyr periodicity in the delta O-18 record diminishes, while the tephra record maintains its strong 100 kyr periodicity

100- kyr cyclicity in volcanic ash emplacement: evidence from a 1.1 Myr tephra record from the NW Pacific

It is a longstanding observation that the frequency of volcanism periodically changes at times of global climate change. The existence of causal links between volcanism and Earth’s climate remains highly controversial, partly because most related studies only cover one glacial cycle. Longer records are available from marine sediment profiles in which the distribution of tephras records frequency changes of explosive arc volcanism with high resolution and time precision. Here we show that tephras of IODP Hole U1437B (northwest Pacific) record a cyclicity of explosive volcanism within the last 1.1 Myr. A spectral analysis of the dataset yields a statistically significant spectral peak at the ~100 kyr period, which dominates the global climate cycles since the Middle Pleistocene. A time-domain analysis of the entire eruption and δ18O record of benthic foraminifera as climate/sea level proxy shows that volcanism peaks after the glacial maximum and ∼13 ± 2 kyr before the δ18O minimum right at the glacial/interglacial transition. The correlation is especially good for the last 0.7 Myr. For the period 0.7–1.1 Ma, during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT), the correlation is weaker, since the 100 kyr periodicity in the δ18O record diminishes, while the tephra record maintains its strong 100 kyr periodicity

The Systematics of Olivine CaO + Cr-Spinel in High-Mg# Arc Volcanic Rocks: Evidence for in-Situ Mantle Wedge Depletion at the Arc Volcanic Front

We investigated the state of the arc background mantle (i.e. mantle wedge without slab component) by means of olivine CaO and its Cr-spinel inclusions in a series of high-Mg# volcanic rocks from the Quaternary Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Olivine CaO was paired with the Cr# [molar Cr/(Cr + Al) *100] of Cr-spinel inclusions, and 337 olivine+Cr-spinel pairs were obtained from 33 calc-alkaline, high-K and OIB-type arc front volcanic rocks, and three monogenetic rear-arc basalts that lack subduction signatures. Olivine+Cr-spinels display coherent elemental and He–O isotopic systematics that contrast with the compositional diversity of the bulk rocks. All arc front olivines have low CaO (0.135 ± 0.029 wt %) relative to rear-arc olivines which have the higher CaO (0.248 ± 0.028 wt %) of olivines from mid-ocean ridge basalts. Olivine 3He/4He–δ18O isotope systematics confirm that the olivine+Cr-spinels are not, or negligibly, affected by crustal basement contamination, and thus preserve compositional characteristics of primary arc magmas. Variations in melt H2O contents in the arc front series and the decoupling of olivine CaO and Ni are inconsistent with controls on the olivine CaO by melt water and/or secondary mantle pyroxenites. Instead, we propose that low olivine CaO reflects the typical low melt CaO of high-Mg# arc magmas erupting through thick crust. We interpret the inverse correlation of olivine CaO and Cr-spinel Cr# over a broad range of Cr# (~10–70) as co-variations of CaO, Al and Cr of their (near) primary host melts, which derived from a mantle that has been variably depleted by slab-flux driven serial melt extraction. Our results obviate the need for advecting depleted residual mantle from rear- and back-arc region, but do not upset the larger underlying global variations of melt CaO high-Mg# arc magmas worldwide, despite leading to considerable regional variations of melt CaO at the arc front of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

IL-7 receptor α expressing B cells act proinflammatory in collagen-induced arthritis and are inhibited by sympathetic neurotransmitters

Objectives: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) as well as the interleukin (IL)-7/IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) system play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. However, the target cells and mechanisms involved are not fully resolved. The goal of this study was to determine if B cells are influenced by IL-7 and to investigate the possible interplay between the SNS and the IL-7/IL-7R system on B cells in arthritis. Methods: Collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA1 mice. ELISA to determine specific anti-CII antibodies. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to determine IL-7R+ cells and intracellular phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5). Immunohistochemistry to show IL-7R+ B cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue. Results: IL-7 stimulated IL-7R+ mature B cells act proinflammatory (increased clinical score, increased anticollagen type II antibodies) after cell transfer in CIA. The sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine abrogates this effect. Expression of IL-7Rα is increased when B cells are activated (anti-CD40 or lipopolysaccharide) in vitro and stimulating the IL-7R induces intracellular accumulation of pSTAT5. α- And β-adrenergic agonists show no influence on expression levels of IL-7R on activated B cells; however, intracellular IL-7R downstream signalling is abrogated via the β2-adreonceptor (β2AR) agonist terbutaline. IL-7R and β2AR are also expressed on B cells in synovial tissue from RA and OA patients. Conclusions: These data indicate that IL7R+ B cells have a proinflammatory role in arthritis which can be inhibited by the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine via inhibition of IL-7R signalling

The evolution of the Izu Bonin - Mariana volcanic arcs (NW Pacific) in terms of major element chemistry

[1] New and published analyses of major element oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, FeO*, MnO, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O and P2O5) from the central Izu Bonin and Mariana arcs (IBM) were compiled in order to investigate the evolution of the IBM in terms of major elements since arc inception at ∼49 million years ago. The database comprises ∼3500 volcanic glasses of distal tephra fallout and ∼500 lava samples, ranging from the Quaternary to mid-Eocene in age. The data were corrected to 4 wt% MgO in order to display the highly resolved temporal trends. These trends show that the IBM major elements have always been “arc-like” and clearly distinct from N-MORB. Significant temporal variations of some major element oxides are apparent. The largest variations are displayed by K4.0. The data support a model wherein the K2O variability is caused by the addition of slab component with strongly differing K2O contents to a fairly depleted subarc mantle; variable extents of melting, or mantle heterogeneity, appear to play a negligible role. The other major element oxides are controlled by the composition and processes of the subarc mantle wedge. The transition from the boninitic and tholeiitic magmatism of the Eocene and Oligocene to the exclusively tholeiitic magmatism of the Neogene IBM is proposed to reflect a change in the composition of the subarc mantle wedge. The early boninitic magmas originate from an ultra-depleted subarc mantle, that is residual to either the melting of E-MORB mantle, or of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. During the Eocene and Oligocene, this residual mantle is gradually replaced by Indian MORB mantle advected from the backarc regions. The Indian MORB mantle is more radiogenic in Nd isotope ratios but also more fertile with respect to major and trace elements. Therefore the Neogene tholeiites have higher Al2O3 and TiO2 contents and lower mg# numbers at given SiO2 content. After the subarc mantle replacement was complete in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, the Neogene IBM entered a “steady state” that is characterized by the continuous advection of Indian MORB mantle from the reararc, which is fluxed by fluids and melt components from slab. The thickness of the IBM crust must have grown with time, but any effects of crustal thickening on the major element chemistry of the IBM magmas appear to be minor relative to the compositional changes that are related to source composition. Therefore next to the processes of melting, the composition of the mantle sources must play a major role in creating substantiative heterogeneities in the major element chemistry of the arc crust